Behavior Modification Essay -- essays research papers

look Intervention 1RUNNING HEAD look InterventionBehavioral interposition of a schoolboy displaying low on-task wayin his classroomBehavior Intervention 2AbstractThe on-task behavior of a schoolboy time-honored 11 named Alan was monitored over an intervention period of 39 days. This period consisted of observation, intervention and follow-up segments. Target behaviors were defined. These behaviors were then isolated during the intervention to extricate the functional connecter of antecedents and consequences. Previous studies from the ledger of utilize Behavior Analysis were referred to for the structure of the intervention model. The theories ofreinforcement and punishment were applied to gain desired behavior and clear mastermind behavior. Verbal positive reinforcement and positive punishment was used, maintaining a firm consistency throughout the intervening period. To achieve the best result a tightly controlled environment was created to limit any possible distractions . Results obtained during the follow-up period indicated a substantial success for the intervention program.Behavior Intervention 3Behavioral intervention of a schoolboy displaying low on-task behavior in his classroomBehavior assessments are important applications for gaining insight into the motivation of individuals. By conducting these assessments, target behaviors can be defined. after(prenominal) defining these behaviors, functional relationships can be identified. This links the target behavior with antecedents and consequences. Once recognized these antecedents and consequences can be manipulated to influence the target behavior (Ebanks & Fisher, 2003). These behavior assessments work as the foundation for behavior modification therapy.Antecedents consist of any events that occur immediately before the target behavior manifests. By manipulating the antecedent it is possible to cause the target behavior to become extinct. Similarly the consequences that occur immediately aft er the target behavior can also be controlled to eliminate the behavior. The unite manipulation of both func... ...ion.Behavior Intervention 10ReferencesEbanks, M. E., & Fisher, W. W. (2003) Altering the timing of academic prompts to treat destructive behavior maintained by escape. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 36, 355-359.Fisher, W. W., Adelinis, J. D., Thompson, R. H., Worsdell, A. S., & Zarcone, J. R. (1998).Functional analysis and treatment of destructive behavior maintained be termination of dont (and symmetrical do) requests. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 31, 339-356.Hapogian, L. P., Toole, L. M., Long, E. S., Bowman E. G., & Lieving, G. A. (2004). A comparison of dense-to-lean fixed lean schedules of alternative reinforcement and extinction. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 37, 323-337.Mueller, M. M., Sterling-Turner, H. E., & Scattone, D. (2001) Functional assessmentof hand flapping in a general education classroom. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 34, 233-236.Romaniuk, C., Miltenberger, R., Conyers, C., Jenner, N., Jurgens, M.., & Ringenberg, C. (2002). The influence of activity choice on problem behaviors maintained by escape versus attention. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 35, 349-362.

The Character of Puck in A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay -- Midsummer

The Character of Puck in A Midsummer Nights Dream Considered one of William Shakespeares greatest plays, A Midsummer Nights Dream reads like a fantastical, originative tale however, its poetic lines contain a message of love, reality, and chance that are not usually present in works of such kind. All characters in the play are playful, careless and thoughtless, and Puck one of the central characters in the play is significant to the plot, tone, and meaning of A Midsummer Nights Dream, thus becoming a representative of the above-mentioned themes. The plot in this one of Shakespeares plays is comical and, at times, ironic. As summarized by Puck in the last stanza of the play If we shadows have anger Think but this, and all is mended That you have but slumbred here While these visions did appear. And this weak and idle theme No more yielding but a dream Gentles do not reprehend If you pardon, we will mend. And, as I am an honest Puck If we have unearned luck Now to co ck the serpents tongue We will make amends ere long Else the Puck a liar call So, good night unto you all. Give me your hands, if we be friends, And Robin shall preserver amends. (Shakespeare 89) Puck suggests to both the watchers and, consequently, to the readers, that if they did not enjoy the tale, they should pretend it was a dream a notion so convincing that at times the audience is left wing bewildered this effect of his works made Shakespeare seem so cunning, like Puck. The lines above formulate the ending of the play to be ironic and humorous, much in the same way as the rest of the story was told. The general plot, with certain char... ...ctions and attributes of other characters and Puck helps contribute to deceitful aura of the play. Another key element of this play were its many inclinations toward a comical relief and Pucks involvements of making mishaps occur. The mood, implication, and scheme are all carefully weaved together in the play, with Puck being a symbol or a catalyst for nearly every one of them. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. The Riverside Shakespeare. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston. New York. 1997. Works Consulted Briggs, Katharine M. The Anatomy of Puck. London Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1959. Nevo, Ruth. Comic Transformations in Shakespeare. New York Routledge, Chapman & Hall, 1981. Rhoades, Duane. Shakespeares Defense of Poetry A Midsummer Nights Dream and The Tempest. Westport, CT Greenwood Press,1986.

Beowulf :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

Beowulf     Beowulf was written during the Anglo-Saxon time period. Beowulf is a story about a young warrior and his quest through sustenance. Some people visit Beowulf a tragic hero, and some people just consider him a hero period. Whether Beowulf is a tragic hero or not, he fights many another(prenominal) extensive battles. The reason Beowulf fights stays basically the same but it changes a little. In the beginning of the book, Beowulf goes to help the Danes out by killing Grendel. Grendel is a ferocious deuce that has been killing the Danes in the mead hall (115). During this time period, warriors will celebrate their victories and tell of their accomplishments by singing. This social gathering has started bothering Grendel because he coffin nail hear all the folie and happiness coming from the mead hall. This is making Grendel jealous because he is a descendant from Cain, and knows he will never feel happy (106). Grendel goes into the mead hall at nigh t, and he begins killing everyone in there. News of how Grendel is murdering the Danes starts to spread all over. When Beowulf hears about Grendel, he feels that it is his obligation to stop Grendel from killing anymore. Beowulf leaves to go to Herot to kill Grendel. He is mostly creation praised for his long journey to face this terrible monster. Beowulf says, "Grendel is no braver, no stronger than I am I could kill him with my sword I shall not" (677). Beowulf feels that he can defeat Grendel even without a weapon. The first night, they have a celebration in the mead hall, and the warriors fall asleep in the hall. Grendel makes his usual nightly visit and finds many victims waiting to be killed (725). To his surprise, he meets his match, which happens to be Beowulf (748). After a brief confrontation, Beowulf rips Grendels arm off, and Grendel runs away to die (823). Beowulf is considered a hero now for risking his life to stop Grendel from killing anymore Danes (837). No t only does Beowulf protect all the Danes, he also receives many rewards. Beowulf is doing a good thing, but all his motives argon not the most honorable motives. This shows the Pagan values of the time. Materialistic things meant a lot to people during this time.The next day, there is a celebration of Grendels death. Beowulf and his group of warriors leave the mead hall to go sleep in their beds (1300).

Oil Conspiracy Essay -- Environment Oil Fuel Essays Papers

Oil Conspiracy It is common knowledge these days that major oil companies are among the most wealthy and powerful entities in the world. Their massive incomes contribute enormously to economies all over the world and this gives them massive pull in these economies. It is no wonder then that conspiracy theories and myths of large scale evil plots surround these major oil producers. They range from the ridiculous to quite believable. Every involvement from the deletion of alternative energies from ever making it into the market to wars has been blamed on these major oil companies. Some of them are very believable while another(prenominal)s come along a stretch of the truth. Are oil companies really behind these vast conspiracies? Have they really been evilly plotting to start wars and obliterate the environment? Believe it or not it is rather difficult to find real hard facts on either side of this dilemma. Those that say yes are often radical left take flight li berals that blow this out of proportion and blame things like 9/11 on oil companies, claiming that it was an elaborate scheme to start a war in the Middle East to increase oil production. This seems way too farfetched and I personally hope to god that its not true. On the other side of the argument against oil companies (the sane one) it is equally as difficult to get information. When you sift through the articles it is apparent that there has been corruption and cases of oil companies utilise their vast power to influence government legislation and alternative energy uses. Whether or not these represent true cases of conspiracy is not clear. They do up to now show that oil companies have used less than ethical tactics to ensure high earnings for them selves. Cases like t... .... Rosentreter, Richard. (Sept. 2000) Oil, Profits, and the Question of Alternative Energy. Retrieved Feb. 9 from http//www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1374/is_5_60/ai_65133031 2. Li ese, Lindsey. Disappearance of the Electric car Unveiled in Documentary. West World. Retrieved Feb. 8 from http//www.niles-hs.k12.il.us/westword/issue4,06-07/world5.pdf 3. Stop the Oil Company Greed. Nader.org. Retrieved on Feb. 9 from http//www.nader.org/template.php?/archives/276-Stop-the-Oil-Company-Greed.html http//aboutfacts.net/Conspiracy2.htm 4. Did General Motors destroy the LA mass transit system? The Straight Dope Retrieved Feb 9 from http//www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_335.html 5. General Motors Street car Conspiracy. Wikipedia. Retrieved Feb 8 from http//www.answers.com/topic/general-motors-streetcar-conspiracy

Analysis of Satans Speech in in John Miltons Paradise Lost

Analysis of daystars Speech in Miltons enlightenment Lost John Miltons Paradise Lost is a work of enduring charm and value because of its theological conceptions, its beautiful language, and its updating of the epic to the modern worlds values. Book II of this epic rime opens with Satans speech to his minions in hell, proposing war on Heaven itself. In these first 44 lines, Satan is clearly established as epic hero, but at the same time is theologically/morally denounced by the speaker. This section of the poem opens by establishing Satans stake of power and prestige High on a deal of royal state, which far Outshone the wealth of Ormus and of Ind, Or where the gorgeous East with richest hand Showrs on her kings barbaric pearl and gold, Satan exalted sat, (II. 1-5). These lines create an aura of astonishment and majesty for Satan, showing his glory and splendor through material things, while at the same time inferring indirectly that this material show is all th at Satan has, rather than real power or value. After this portrayal of Satan the epic hero in all his magnificence, the speaker (the heavenly muse) is rattling wakeful to bring down his image morally, despite the magnificent outward experience. The muse asserts that, by merit raised To that bad eminence and from despair Thus spicy uplifted beyond hope, aspires Beyond thus high, insatiate to pursue Vain war with Heavn, and by success untaught His proud imaginations thus displayed, (II. 5-10). The muse is very careful to remind the reader that Satan is in a high position because of his greed, and the high position he has obtained is not a good position t... ...son who uses elevated language well. The speakers voice is brought forth showing that despite Satans slick moves, he is the villain, but the reader still feels sympathy for Satan. The speech is a paltry one, and certainly accomplishes the task of motivating the denizens of Hell to move against Heaven. It fits the framework of the poem perfectly, showing not only the theological goals of the poem, but also the desire of the poem to mock the traditional epic, and to provide a literary work of great beauty and power. Sources Fox, Robert C. The Allegory of Sin and Death in Paradise Lost. Modern expression Quarterly 24 (1963) 354-64. Lewis, C. S. A Preface to Paradise Lost. Rpt. New York Oxford UP, 1979. Milton, John. Paradise Lost. In John Milton Complete Poems and Major Prose. Ed. Merritt Y. Hughes. Indianapolis Odyssey, 1980.

Analysis of Dostoevsky and Nietzsches Literature Essay -- Psychology

Analysis of Dostoevsky and Nietzsches Literature Friedrich Nietzsche once said, Dostoevsky, the only one who has taught me anything somewhat psychology. The two writers sh be many similarities and differences. Dostoevsky clearly had an effect on the thinking of Nietzsche. The two would be considered both philosophers and psychologists. Both writers became prominent in the late nineteenth century in Germany and Russia respectively. Dostoevsky was noted for his Russian literary classics and would be responsible for a flowering of late 19th century Russian literary culture. His Russian contemporaries include Leo Tostoy and Anton Chekov. Dostoevskys most famous works include The Brothers Karamozov, The Idiot, and Crime and Punishment. Nietzsche is most famous for his philosophical works such as thus spoke Zarathustra. The two writers have many similarities in their philosophy. They both see a changing role in religion. Nietzsche and Dostoevsky besides differ sapiently on some other as pects of life. One of these being the differing views on the role of the fatherland. Nietzsches beyond good and evil and Dostoevskys crime and punishment are two works that go turned be compared and contrasted to show the similarities and dissimilarities of the two geniuses. The two men offer great insights in these books on morality and the affect it can have on the actions of the individual and the society as a whole. Dostoevskys crime and punishment, is set in Tsarist Russia in the 19th century. Rodya Raskolnikov, the main character, is a student at a University in St. Petersburg. By the early stages of the novel, he has dropped out of school and is left in his one room shanty, to ponder his let philosophical questions. He is poor, hungry and desperate for money. He begins to sell some of his possessions to a pawnbroker, Alyona Ivanovna, to gain money for his basic survival. He begins to see the poverty and despondency of St. Petersburg at this time. Rodya would begin to look at Alyona as a source of this problem. Alyona, in Rodyas eyes, was profiting off of the poverty and misery of others by buying off their possession at unreasonably low prices. She would then horde the money for herself while the people outside of her own apartment starved to death. Raskolnikov decides to murder the pawnbroker for the saki of humanity. His plan is not deeply thought out in advance and i... ...th and Russian nationalism. Rodya is a testament to what may go wrong with the morality of the superman. Rodya is also a symbol of someone who does not follow Nietzsches path to be advance a superman and this is reason alone for his failure. The two writers are an black prediction of what was to come in Europe. For Dostoevsky, Russia did become a global powerhouse with the creation of the Soviet Union. For Nietzsche, man partially left behind Christianity. Christianity did lose a great amount of power with the creation of a more secular society. Papal authority battles state authority and it is papal doctrine that seems to be coming up on the shorthand of this battle. Nietzsches sentiments were echoed after the two world wars. His philosophy was the harbinger of existentialism. 20th century philosophers like Jean-Paul Sartre compounded many of Nietzsches ideas. It is clear from crime and punishment as well as beyond good and evil that Nietzsche and Dostoevsky share many views while on others they could not be more rigidly divided. In all, one fact remains. These two great men continue to have a resounding affect on European and global culture, whether society likes it or not.

Analysis of Dostoevsky and Nietzsches Literature Essay -- Psychology

Analysis of Dostoevsky and Nietzsches Literature Friedrich Nietzsche once said, Dostoevsky, the only one who has taught me anything about psychology. The both writers share many similarities and differences. Dostoevsky clearly had an effect on the cerebration of Nietzsche. The two would be considered about(prenominal) philosophers and psychologists. Both writers became prominent in the late 19th century in Germany and Russia respectively. Dostoevsky was noted for his Russian literary classics and would be responsible for(p) for a flowering of late 19th century Russian literary culture. His Russian contemporaries include Leo Tostoy and Anton Chekov. Dostoevskys most famous kit and boodle include The Brothers Karamozov, The Idiot, and Crime and Punishment. Nietzsche is most famous for his philosophical works such as thus spoke Zarathustra. The two writers have many similarities in their philosophy. They both see a changing post in religion. Nietzsche and Dostoevsky also differ s harply on some other aspects of life. One of these being the differing views on the role of the fatherland. Nietzsches beyond good and evil and Dostoevskys crime and punishment are two works that can be compared and contrasted to show the similarities and dissimilarities of the two geniuses. The two men offer smashing insights in these books on morality and the affect it can have on the actions of the individual and the society as a whole. Dostoevskys crime and punishment, is set in Tsarist Russia in the 19th century. Rodya Raskolnikov, the main character, is a student at a University in St. Petersburg. By the early stages of the novel, he has dropped out of school and is left in his one room shanty, to ponder his own philosophical questions. He is poor, hungry and desperate for bullion. He begins to sell some of his possessions to a pawnbroker, Alyona Ivanovna, to gain money for his basic survival. He begins to see the poverty and desperation of St. Petersburg at this time. Rodya would begin to look at Alyona as a book of facts of this problem. Alyona, in Rodyas eyes, was profiting off of the poverty and misery of others by buying off their possession at unreasonably low prices. She would then horde the money for herself while the people outside of her own apartment starved to death. Raskolnikov decides to murder the pawnbroker for the sake of humanity. His plan is not deeply thought out in melioration and i... ...th and Russian nationalism. Rodya is a testament to what may go wrong with the morality of the superman. Rodya is also a symbol of someone who does not follow Nietzsches way of life to becoming a superman and this is reason alone for his failure. The two writers are an ominous prediction of what was to come in Europe. For Dostoevsky, Russia did become a global bolide with the creation of the Soviet Union. For Nietzsche, man partially left behind Christianity. Christianity did lose a great amount of power with the creation of a more layman soc iety. Papal authority battles state authority and it is papal doctrine that seems to be coming up on the shorthand of this battle. Nietzsches sentiments were echoed after the two knowledge domain wars. His philosophy was the harbinger of existentialism. 20th century philosophers like Jean-Paul Sartre compounded many of Nietzsches ideas. It is clear from crime and punishment as well as beyond good and evil that Nietzsche and Dostoevsky share many views while on others they could not be more rigidly divided. In all, one fact remains. These two great men continue to have a resounding affect on European and global culture, whether society likes it or not.

Employment law Essay

Task A Short answer questionsAi Imagine you are a newly appointed executive program/ coach-and-four within your work. You need to update your staff handbook to reflect current battle law. Identify three different sources of entropy you could use to change you to do this.1) Internet2) Staff3) Old handbookOnce you have identified a reliable source of information Aiia) List three aspects of vocation covered by law1) Work conditions for example saftey2) Wages (National minimum wage)3) Holi twenty-four hour period entitlementsb) List three main features of current employment legislation 1) comparability and Discrimination law2) Employment Rights3) Health and safetyAiii Briefly outline why employment law existsEmployment law is there in value to protect employees. To give everyone who civilises the oppurtunity to protect their rights. For example ensuring that employees are protected from discrimination in the workplace, ensuring that they receive the national minimum wage and so forth These employee rights collapse regardless of whether the employee or worker is temporary, fixed-term or permanent, or how long they have worked for the employer. Task B Your work usageBi Describe the terms and conditions of your employment as set out in your contract of employment or employment agreement.Bii Describe the information which needs to be shown on your pay spot/statement -Tax Code-Employees Name-Nett income-Gross income National Insurance number Company Name Date Hours and hourly rate Payment method network Any deductionsBiii Identify two changes to in the flesh(predicate) information which you must(prenominal) report to your employer Changes in Health for example long term illness, pregnancy etc Change of personal details such as Address, Number etc Change of next of kin, for emergencysBiv Describe the procedure to follow if you wanted to raise a grievance at work. You may describe this in writing or produce a flow chart or diagram If the grievan ce couldnt be dealt with by a uncomplicated informal discussion, thusly the next person you should go to would be a supervisor or handler. They should then explain how the situation could be dealt with. If you feel that this isnt existence dealt with orridingly or in fact the supervisor/manager is the person causing the grievance then the you should going higher(prenominal) up the hirachy, maybe the locality manager? If the grievance couldnt be dealt with by someone within the trust and you feel that it could be more serious then you can always take things higher for example to adult returns, CQC or even the police. Once the grievance has happened you need to write a FACTUAL report. Bv Explain the agreed ways of working with your employer in relation to the following field of views. Data protection Data protection needs to be dealt with as a serious matter. A few examples of this could be but having passwords on laptops/ computers, storing documents safely and securly.Confl ict management Conflict in the workplace needs to be dealt with seriously wether it be a petty argument betwixt employees or a conflict of issuesregarding best interest of service users. Your employer should be avaliable at all times to talk to you regarding issues at work these can also be brought up at supervisions, team meetings or even apprasials. Staff are to follow best practice in the workplace, following policies and proceedures and managers are there to help resolve any issues and together they should work together to get the facts together and help resolve any issues or conflict and continue with hard-hitting performance. Anti discriminatory practice Descrimination is not only a seest the law but it is also a form of gross misconduct from your craft. It is also taking attain to prevent discrimination on the grounds of race, ethnic or cultural background. Health and Safety Although Employers have the legal responsibilities to ensure a safe and goodly workplace. As an employee you also have the responsibilities for your own safety and the safety of your colleagues.If you saw something dangerous within the workplace it would be your responsibility to address the issue or make the employer aware of the issue for it to be addressed. A risk assessments go away always need to be filled out despite the seriousness of the issue, to calculate back on and to help prevent then issue from reacurring in the future. Confidentiality This is vitally important in this line of work. No information should be passed onto anyone without manager or next of kin consent. Information should only be passed on if its in an emergency involving health, hygiene etc to the relevant personal for example emergency services, dentists etc. Whistleblowing Whistleblowing is raising concerns about malpractice in an organisation or workplace. It is importnat to work with your employer to raise any concerns which might affect the subscribe to your providing. It will then be y our employers job to investigate into these concerns raised and speak to the person in question to resolve the issues or depending on the seriousness contact the relevant people, this could be authorities.Bvi Explain how your role contributes to the overall delivery of the service provided My role contributes to the delivery of the service provided because it enables service users a life of independancy and pro-actively with the right support. Giving people with life challenges a opportunity of fufilling a life as normal as possible. Bvii Explain how you could influence the quality of the service provided by a) Following best practice within your work roleFollowing policies and proccedures, upkeep plans and attending relevant training for your job will influence the quality of the service because it makes you more knowledgeble and compotant at your job. Giving patients/service users a better quality of care/support at home. b)Not carrying out the requirements of your roleBy not carrying out the requirements of my role would be dangerous not only for the service users but also for myself and other employees. It would also have a negative impact on the care industry with the lack of support you would be providing. Patients/ services users would not be getting the correct level of care, this is why policies and proceedure are put in place. Bviii Describe how your own work must be influenced by National factors such as codes of practice, National Occupational standards, Legislation and government initiatives.Bixa) Identify two different representative bodies which influence your area of work Adult servicesCare Quality commissionb) Describe the role of the two representative bodies you have identified. Care Quality commissionInspectors of careEnsure legal requirements are followedMake sure staff are adquently trained and providing the correct level of care Adult servicesEnsure that clients/service users get suitable careThere to provide financial support where neededThey are also a link between the service users and day services Task C Career PathwayCreate a career pathway plan for youself, indicating oppurtunities are open to you as you progress in your chosen career. Indicate what you will need to learn or any qualifications you might need to gain in order to achieve your goals. Identify of information to help you achieve your goals. My career plan would be to continue work at TQ twentyone as a Support worker working full time. hopefully pick up some more bank shifts in a variety of houses where I can learn more about different disabilities and gain moreexsperience in this field. This would be for maybe another year until I have completed my Level 3 in Health and social care, this will then help me aim to achieve the role of a support coordinator in the near future with TQ Twentyone. orI have the option then to maybe attend university part time and study something around the similar and still remain in work as bank staff. The courses I would give care the oppurtunity to do would be anything from primary teaching (special educational needs) or social work. However for me to achieve this I will need to retake a GCSE math in night school to help me get onto the course in university. If i choose not to attend university or if I cant I would like to continue my path as a support coordinator and work hard on making my way up the structure arrive at a manager or move onto something Ive gained from univesity.

Militarism and Border Violence

War exposes the operation of sex and race in the construction of a nation as war enables us to perceive the process of securing and creating territories through the use and implementation of particular values and standards of perceiving reality. For archetype, the division between the battlefront and home front along with the emphasis on the action in the trenches creates and highlights gendered boundaries, which argon equivalent to the division between the protector and the protected.Furthermore, the social territories formed during and after the war highlights the use of ethnocentric viewpoints, which leads to racism and the exploitation of bodies. The mode in which these events are possible can be read by stating that the real events within the world are takeed by the different modes in which a hegemonic groups strength becomes visible in a society. Within this perspective, one may state that the current oppression that women experience is caused by the patriarchal views he eded by those who directly affect world politics.Such may be the case however it is still possible to state that even though certain nations check out control of current world politics, equal ground has been given to the different agents within society. Women, in this perspective, may be seen as possessing freedom in so far as they are no longer placed within the stereotypes of the feminine. However, the case is not that simple.Consider for example a woman in a Third manhood Country who is granted the recognition of her independence. Although this woman is free, she is still placed within the stereotype of a Third World woman who needs to be further emancipated from her barbaric culture. In send to resolve such a conflict let us consider Michel Foucaults conception of power. fit to Foucault, power is not an institution. It refers to the strategic situations within a particular society. It cannot be located in a particular or specific entity such as the states sovereign, it is eve rywhere and nowhere at the same time manifesting its existence in the different forms of repressions present within society. Repression, however, should not be seen as an entirely negative aspect. Repression is not a form of paralysis it should not be seen as a freezing of possibilities for all forms of repression enables. Consider for example a Muslim woman who is forced by social norms to brave a burqa. accord to Abu-Lughod the act of wearing a burqa should not be seen as repressive in character since Muslim women choose to wear it for it is a basis of their social status. A Muslim woman who does not wear a burqa for instance does not come from a reputable family or she is a woman who participates in the trade of the flesh. Abu-Lughod states that the benevolent father image portray by America towards the Palestinian women misconstrues the Palestinian womens cultural background. Such an ethnocentric perspective merely shows Americas disrespect of other cultures.In the above examp le, one can see how a repressive state may have allowances, which the individual may use to inch towards her freedom, which in these hurt refers to the control of the power relations that is dominant in that particular period. Palestinian womens opposition of the predominant consciousness regarding womens oppression can beat out be portrayed using the notion of oppositional consciousness. Oppositional consciousness refers to the subversive use of tools of repression.This is evident in the practice of Palestinian women in the United enounces who choose to wear their burqa despite their freedom to dispose of it within foreign grounds. It might be stated that such an action is only possible since there are no threats placed upon the individuals life when she refuses to adhere to the practice in a different place. However, it can be argued that as long as their actions are explicitly stated to stand for a particular cause notion of oppositional consciousness still follows.Oppositiona l consciousness, however, becomes problematic when one considers that an individual is predisposed to venture in a particular way based upon his or her ontological and epistemic background. In other words, is it really possible for a woman to engender freedom when she has been conditioned or predisposed to think in a particular way? Specifically, in a way wherein she considers the view of the patriarch to be the basis for truth compared to the view of her fellow women. This tendency is apparent in the current strifes that feminist movement experiences with women outside the academe.As an answer to the events, which occurred after the September 11 bombing, Bachetta, together with other transnational feminists stated their disapproval towards the violent effects of Bushs messianic mission to redeem the world from all forms of scourge evident in the so called backward and barbaric ways of those who reside in the Middle East. According to S.R., a Palestinian woman, though she agree s with the general attract of feminists to stop the war, she disapproves of the way that feminists present Palestinian women in general.According to S.R., liberation should not be forced on an individual. It is an instinct, which presents itself on its own way. The general contention regarding transnational feminists appeal is their ethnocentric tendency to perceive other women who refuses to heed their call as oppressed individuals.However, it may be argued that transnational feminists notion of feminism may be salvaged if one considers that their emphasis lies on the need for women to be freed from their political double bind apparent in their marginalization as women and in the use of their bodies as tools for the assertion of power. Instances like these can be seen in Falcons analysis of the militarized rape cases, which occurred in the US-Mexico border.Sylvanna Falcon, in her radical National Security and the Violation of Womens Bodies reiterates these claims as she discussed the cases of rape committed at the US-Mexico border. Falcon argued that the rape and harassment of women in the said border presents an example of the hypermasculine nature of war and militarism wherein sexual assault is used as a military strategy which aims to dominate women and psychologically debilitate people viewed as the competitor (120).According to Falcon, what occurs in the border is a form of national security rape and systematic rape. National security rape refers to the sexual step of women committed for the sake of bolstering (a soldiers) nervous nerves. Systematic rape, on the other hand, refers to the use of rape as an instrument of open warfare (121). It should be noted that these women are placed in a political double bind. Besides being displaced individuals and forced migrants, they are considered as threats to the state as the state conveniently forgets that these individuals are products of the internal repressions caused by the war.One might presume that th eir existence within the middle ground grants them a special electrical resistance since they are freed from the hegemonizing tendencies of the state. In fact, Falcon herself recognizes their positionality as providing them with a space that enables them to counter the systems legitimacy. This idea becomes her springboard for the possibility of holding the United States responsible for the human rights violations committed in the US-Mexican border. However, it is important to consider the tendency of ordinary rights to be particularistic in character, in other words, applicable to others only-particularly to the enemy of those who hold the position of power.In the 1990s a new norm has developed in international affairs. This refers to the right of self designated enlighted states to resort to force in order to protect humanity. The guiding principle behind this exists in the malleability of norms and its tendency to be placed in alignment with the interests of the powerful. An ex ample of this is apparent in Nuremberg trials wherein an act is considered criminal if and only it is not one, which the victor committed.The operative definition of a crime or any form of injustice within the universal jurisdiction would be an act, which only the vanquished foe committed. A more recent example can be seen in the war against terror of the United States. According to the US Code and Army Manual, terrorism refers to the use, or threat, of action which is violent, damaging, or disrupting, and is intended to influence the government or intimidate the public and is for the purpose of locomote a political, religious, or ideological cause (qtd from George, 18).From this definition, it follows that the sexual assaults, which occur at the US-Mexico border are in themselves acts of terrorism since they are enacted in order to reinforce the United States hold on the territory through causing damages and disruptions in womens lives. This presents us with the self- negating ten dencies of the United States messianic mission of grafting country along with its ideals of freedom and liberty to the rest of the world.Although it might be stated that United States may be held accountable for it offenses against the national community, the possibility of the event is restricted upon the change of the power relations that dominate the national society. Such a change, on the other hand is dependent upon womens recognition of their positions as transnational members of the global community capable of mobilizing against the capitalist movements in the world.Works CitedFalcon, Sylvanna. National Security and the Violation of Women Militarized Border Rape at the U.S. Mexico Border.George, Alexander. Western State Terrorism. Polity Blackwell, 1991.

A Background on William Blake Essay

A fry of the Romantic Period, William Blake was a poet born into the lively grounds of Soho, England. Since childhood, people observed in him a keen smell out of imagination. This recognition then encouraged his parents to support his career path as an artist (Merriman n. p. ). Blake was largely considered as eccentric or wild by his contemporaries, causing him to be denied in his biographytime the recognition he deserved. However, literary critics now consider him an influential force in the development of romance (Barker n. p. ). Blakes works and style of writing cannot be classified into a single category or genre.However, his works showed recurring themes of knowledge and honor, heaven and hell, impertinent reality and internal reality, and most of all, good and evil (Merriman n. p. ). Most of his works are expressed with simplicity, except for some of his later works. With this simplicity, Blake was able to portray debate aspects of humanity nature. He achieved this supe rbly by using one literary piece to present the negative side of an otherwise earlier literary work. rue the Antithesis of exult This style of Blake was highlighted in his cardinal poems babe Joy and Infant Sorrow.Infant Joy was presented to dwell on the joys of life, childbirth, and earthly concern. Then, in contrast, Infant Sorrow came to life to demonstrate the sadness of life and human existence. Content Comparison. In Infant Sorrow, the babes realization that the knowledge domain is an unhappy place to live in summed up human existence. This poem renders a bleak thought of human conditions and strongly contrasts with the earlier poem, Infant Joy. This other poem celebrates childbirth, as shown by the infant christening herself as Joy. The voice of her mother celebrates with her bodge too.However, the poems too-evident joyfulness invites suspicion. The mask of exaggeration can be unfurled to reveal a deeper understanding of human existence. Both poems share similar st rong emotions in describing birth, and both use little to no figurative language. However, they differ in structures and in the word-painting of human oppression. The poems both describe the sentiments that surround the birth of a child. Infant Joy portrays the happiness of an infant for world alive (Blake 4-5). There is a sense of gladness because human existence is worth celebrating.When one is born, he/she is given civil right(a)s and freedoms that are worth being born for. Nonetheless, the infant cannot realistically all the same be aware of herself in such a way. A source even notes that it is still the mother who provides the infants voice she merely projects herself unto her babys seeming happiness (Gilham 3). Still, the mothers voice (as herself) is in like manner present in the poem. She likewise feels exuberant, so she sings for her baby (Blake 11). On the other hand, Infant Sorrow depicts the infants feelings of lack of safety and security, as well as experiences of oppression (Blake 5).The parents in this poem also express resounding emotions, as the mother groaned and the father wept (Blake 1). This first line of the poem emphasized the parents sadness and misery about the babys birth. Thus, both poems explore the avalanche of regent(postnominal) feelings that come with childbirth. Use of Figurative Language. Both poems similarly employ little to no figurative language. For Infant Sorrow, the most striking figurative language is the simile, resembling a fiend hid in the cloud (Blake 4). This indicates that the baby is like a criminal in the clouds of happiness.The irony stands out here is a two-day old infant who normally feels peaceful and happy, notwithstanding in reality should really feel like another criminal who cannot hide anywhere, not even in the simpleness of his dreams. Another figurative speech is the pun of sulk, instead of suck (Blake 8). The baby sulks in being fed by her mother, which is confounding, because at that plac e should be a infixed connection in the midst of feeding and existence, a connection that is more positive than depressing. For Infant Joy, there are no evident figures of speech.This makes the poem very guileless to some extent. Curran calls this as having no word in excess (6), which have made the poem a pithy rendition of childbirth happiness. Structure and riming Patterns. The poems also diverge in different aspects, beginning with their dissimilar rime patterns. In Infant Sorrow, Blake uses a regular AABB rhyme scheme for its two stanzas, but in Infant Joy, he utilizes ABCDAC for the first stanza and ABCDDC for the second. The dissimilar rhyming patterns depict the underlying chaos behind the sweet joy of the infant.This rhyming style suggests the incongruence that exists between what is said and what is not said in Infant Joy. Furthermore, the most distinct pattern in Infant Joy is the double rhyme that recurs in lines three, six, nine, and twelve. This rhyming pattern co ntrasts with the more stable rhyme of Infant Sorrow. As pointed out already, this signifies an uncertainty in the voice of the mother in Infant Joy, as she wishes her child a happy life. The mother could be suppressing the reality that happiness is rarely attainable, when human existence cannot be described as joyful at all. some other Structures. Both poems have different structures that also impact their meanings. These poems use different strategies in illustrating human oppression. Infant Joy uses two voices of happiness and the theme of innocence to mask the latent doubts of insecurity in the mothers voice. The voices come from an infant and mother who believe that human life is joyful and so being born into it must be a cause of cheerful disposition. The poem portrays the happiness of an infant in being born I happy am. /Joy is my name (Blake 4-5).The mother feels high-spirited also and she sings for her baby. The poem also celebrates innocence by repeating the phrase sweet j oy five times everyplace in lines 6, 8, 9, and 12. The repetition emphasizes the sweetness of being born and being so young. Infant Joy, however, somehow masks an uncertainty. The mother keeps on saying that the baby is only two days old. In a way, it indicates that this is the main reason why the baby feels too happy she is still too young to experience the harshness of living. Furthermore, there is a tone of wishful thinking about happiness from the mother.When she says Sweet joy befall thee (Blake 12), it is more of a benediction rather than a credendum (Gilham 3). In here, human innocence has resembled a mask, a charade for a mother who wishes a form of short-term happiness for her baby. Blake undermines the happiness of human existence through Infant Sorrow, which directly assaults human innocence through dark symbolism, imagery, and figurative expressions. It is quite shocking that an infant would describe a new world as dangerous, one where the infants parents would weep o r groan, as if in terror.Parents should be happy when they see their baby, but this poem paints an extremely tell picture. This point of view can be explained by the fact that Blake lived in a time of war (Curran 6). Thus, in the authors context, he was right to say that a child born in such a society only leapt to a dangerous world (Blake 2). An infant described as a fiend is also hardly anticipated. This image is quite perplexing, because innocence has been plunged into the murky waters of evil (Blake 4).At the same time, the infant, who has just been born, already feels jounce and weary (Blake 7). A baby should be free of the worlds numerous worries, but this infant is like an adult who has been disillusioned by the burdens of human life. The infant even sulks upon his mothers breast. Sulk is a pun for suck, which renders a different interpretation of depending on a mother for nurturance (Carson 150 curve ball and Mellor 300). Sulk underscores the resistance to the passive rol e of the baby in society (Gilham 4).The struggles of the infant symbolize the struggles of adults against the oppression from political and economic forces of society. The swaddling bands indicate how people also struggle to fight the institutions that make it impossible for them to enjoy their civil liberties. Infant Sorrow, hence, takes the voice of an adult who has briskly shaken off the pretensions of modern liberties. Blake used infants as the starting point of his argument about human existence.Conclusion Infant Joy and Infant Sorrow may directly oppose each other in the choice of words, structure and rhyming pattern.Underneath them, however, are the same strong human emotions, portrayed simply with little use of figurative language. These poems possess the voice of a weary and dissatisfied adult who wants to escape but cannot wholly leave society. The innocence and happiness was a mere mask for the realities of life. They also express inconspicuously the voice of a human bein g who constantly fights the battle against dominant social institutions that trample on civil liberties. Ultimately, both poems unusually render in diverse ways, the tortures of human existence.

How Similar Were the Achievements and Limitations of Nationalism in Southeast Asia Before 1941?

The period before 1941 can also be referred to as the pre-war period before the Japanese Occupation. The Southeast Asian national movements then had similar achievements and demarcation lines. Their achievements were scarce as the majority of the population was politically apathetic. To add to this, the nationalist groups often lacked mass reinforcing stimulus and military strength. The great achievement of these nationalist movements, though, would be that they managed to unify a diverse group of people who had little in common by providing them with a common crusade to overthrow the colonial government.The main achievement of pre-war nationalist movements was that they were able to bond the people of the country together using the concept of territorial nationalism. These nationalist movements started dispatch with cultural aims so as to allurement to the masses. However, the difference between these movements lie in whether or not the nationalist leaders could go beyond th ese aims to dance orchestra together the people of the country.In the case of Vietnam and Indonesia, the nationalist leaders managed to make use of these aims to develop a territorial individuality whereas in Malaya, the nationalist groups were unable(p) to put aside their racial differences and then bonded only within their communities to establish ethnic nationalism. This can be seen from how in Indonesia, nationalism was initially focused on Java but later spread to include the rest of Indonesia. One major achievement of Indonesian nationalism is that of the Association of Political Organisations of the Indonesian mickle (PPPKI) established in the late 1920s.It created a set of common national idioms such as the red and white national flag and the national hymn Indonesia Raya. It also came up with the idea of Indonesia comprising of one people, one language, one homeland, which is indicative of the Indonesians significant cry for independence1 and even tried to cut across t he party lines in their attempt to achieve it. Similarly, in Vietnam, there was an evident shift from cultural nationalism before 1920 to to a greater extent territorial nationalism (not from religious to secular.Look hold up to your main point ) after 1920. Previously, before 1920, Nationalism was confined very much to the Tonkin region, with the Dong Kinh Free School being set up in 1908 to promote cultural nationalism. Later, secular nationalist groups such as the Vietnam Quoc Dang Dang (VNQDD) and the Indochina commie Party (ICP) emerged with a more political plan aimed at a more inclusive national identity, as seen from the choice of words in their names Vietnam and Indochina.Following that, in 1941, the Vietminh was established as a more fall in nationalist organisation in reaction to Japanese involvement in Vietnam, and tried to mobilise nationalists beyond party lines, appealing to both communists and non-communists alike. This dominant organisation stood strong and later successfully led Vietnam to achieve independence. In Malaya however, nationalism ironically made the racial lines of Malaya more evident.The emergence of the Singapore Malay juncture, the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) which comprised of mainly Chinese and the Central Indian Association of Malaya (CIAM)2 further aggravated the pluralistic society in Malaya, thus making a united strive for independence impossible. With the exception of Malaya, the pre-war nationalist movements generally managed to bond the people of the country together. This would facilitate future movements to overthrow the colonial powers.A major limitation of the nationalist movements before 1941 was that they lacked mass support even though some groups managed to achieve a popular appeal. For example, in Vietnam, the Indochina Communist Party (ICP) lacked mass support but had some appeal due to its adaptationist leaders. It associated its aims with superstitions and anachronistic customs and disguised its commu nist stand to appeal to the Vietnamese, as communism lacked a direct appeal then. 3 This action of using folk religion to disguise its communist front was also adopted by the PKI in Indonesia, which rallied the peoples support by calling for a holy war or a jihad, against the Dutch.It portrayed capitalism as promoting greed and distance from God, and imperialism as threatening the world of Islam so as to energise up feelings of anger amongst the Indonesians. 4 However, there are nationalist groups in Southeast Asia which severely lacked mass support such as the Young Malay Union (KMM) in Malaya, whose idea of a merger with Indonesia did not appeal to the Malayans. 5 Furthermore, in Indonesia, although the Indies Party tried to appeal to all races and beyond Java, it had limited appeal as it was predominantly an Eurasion organisation with only 7700 members. As such, whether or not nationalist groups were able to achieve a mass appeal depended on how well they special their methods to appeal to the peasants. Hence, the nationalist movements before 1941 generally lacked the mass support they needed to succeed.Even if mass support was achieved, this does not guarantee success of the nationalist movements as the example of Sarekat Islam clearly demonstrates. Despite its mass following of 2 million, its lack of a united front seriously undermined its potential, and it was eventually torn apart by internal divisions between the Marxists and Islamic leaders. Another limitation of pre-war nationalism was that they often lacked military strength to launch a successful large-scale revolt and were hence vulnerable to the suppression of the colonial powers.This can be seen in the Vietnam Quoc Dang Dang (VNQDD)s failure to overthrow the French colonial government during the Yen Bay Uprising of 1930. Their home-made weapons were wanting(p) to the advanced ones of the French hence the uprising was quickly put down by the French. As a result of this episode, its founder, Th ai Hoc and other leading figures were captured. This deprive the organisation of good leadership it needed to launch another large-scale nationalist movement thereby preventing them from regaining their political strength again. 6 Similarly, in Indonesia, although the Perserikatan Komunis di India (PKI) managed to derive support to form an army called the Red Guards of 3000, their military power was still uncomparable to that of the Dutch. They attempted to stage a revolution in 1926 but failed. after the revolt, the Dutch arrested 13,000 of them, imprisoned 4,500, interned 1,308 and exiled 823 to Digul, West New Guinea. This severely crippled the membership of the PKI and they were finally outlawed by the Dutch in 1927. 7 Hence, pre-war nationalism failed partially because of the militarily weak nationalist movements.In conclusion, the achievements and limitations of the SEA nationalist movements before 1941 were largely similar, with the lack of mass support and military strengt h being the key weaknesses. As nationalism during that period was quite under-developed, the main achievement of these movements in Vietnam and Indonesia would be that it managed to bond the people together towards a more inclusive territorial-based national identity that would serve as a stepping stone for further nationalist movements.