Chaucer’s “The Miller’s Tale” as a Parody of Courtly Love Essay

A woman is a creature to be treated like an angel of God. She is beautiful, honorable, and chaste. The sanctity of a woman is not only worth fighting for, it is worth dying for. Her glove on plate mail is a harmonious battle cry, a motivation both formidable and divine. Always painfully proper and never morally compromised, she is the embodiment of righteousness. I shall love her from afar, as she will love me back. Never will our love come to physical fruition; it is more holy than that. Her, as well as my, marriage is beneath our love, our love of admiration and complete devotion. She will swoon for me as I shall fight for her, and our spirits are forever intertwined. Physical love and lusty temptation are too worldly for us. These would be the thoughts of any proper knight toward his lady. â€Å"The Miller’s Tale† is a satire of courtly love and its actuality in times contemporary the setting of The Canterbury Tales. The characters Alison, Absalon, and Nicholas are exacerbated examples of the degradation of courtly love that happened in medieval times, a direct result of man’s inclination to indulge in earthly pleasure. Alison does shame to the notion of courtly love. She personifies deceit, infidelity, and moral perversion. Toward the object of what must be her courtly love, as she was married before ever encountering him, she extends promise of physical engagement so far as to the point of sex. She deceives her husband so that she can philander with John, who she should be the object of her worship, not her lust. She is the complete opposite of the morally upright woman she should, and her â€Å"courtly† love for John is little more than indulgence in sin. Also, in her dealings with her other pursuer Absalon, â€Å"she looked upon him as her private ape.† As a lady she should have been proper and at least civil in her dealings with him, yet she treated him like a puppet. She had no care for his emotion or his well being. When Absalon asked for a kiss from her, instead of persisting that he treat her as a lady and love her from afar, she had him kiss her rear. A lady should never act in such a manner. Her actions are so perverse that by her traits one would think her one and the same as the miller telling this story. Absalon, unrequited lover of Alison, is not free of sin himself. He too does  shame to the idea of courtly love. Rather than love her in a holy, worshipping manner, he chases her pruriently, â€Å"if she had been a mouse and he a cat, she’d have been pounced upon.† If he had been pure and morally strong, he would have loved her like a knight, chastely, without any physical desire. Nicholas, like Absalon, loves his lady hotly rather than worshipfully. If Nicholas had been a true man, he would have loved her as an angel, his lady on high. Her beauty should have been his strength, but it was his passion. He carried on an affair with the wife of his landlord, the woman who should have been his object of Christian affection. Instead of wearing a piece of her clothing as a reminder to do right, he â€Å"stroked her loins a bit and kissed her sweetly.† Chaucer’s intention for creating such morally deranged characters is to illustrate the degree to which courtly love had become just a synonym for physical lust. The reason for this tale is to show that extramarital affairs are only an engagement in immorality, especially if the affair be under the guise of holy love. As men, Absalon and Nicholas should have loved Alison with the love of highest admiration, and she should have loved them the same way. Rather than love each other in the right fashion, they succumbed to physical temptation, and thus were morally devoid characters. A woman is an angel, not an object of lust.

Royal Danish Bearings Marketing Key Terms

Royal Danish Bearings – Marketing Key Terms Business and Management Keyword| Definition| Relation to RDB| Market Size| The number of individuals in a certain market who are potential buyers and/or sellers of a product or service. Companies are interested in knowing the market size before launching a new product or service in an area. | The ball bearings industry has a quite large market size given the development of the automobile industry. | Market Share| A percentage of total sales volume in a market captured by a brand, product, or company. RDB’s market share in the business is quite large, justifying its great expansion and organic growth. | Consumer Needs| Problems that customers intend to solve with the purchase of a good or service. | Indirect consumers need automobiles, however; automobile factories require ball bearings, resulting in RDB’s business opportunity. | Unique Selling Point| Real or perceived benefit of a good or service that differentiates it from the competing brands and gives its buyer a logical reason to prefer it over other brands.USP is often a critical component of a promotional theme around which an advertising campaign is built. | RDB’s USP is its highly technologically advanced ball bearings, which are also environmentally friendly. | Competitive Advantage| A superiority gained by an organization when it can provide the same value as its competitors but at a lower price, or can charge higher prices by providing greater value through differentiation. Competitive advantage results from matching core competencies to the opportunities. RDB’s competitive advantage is that they are an already globally known company and they are about to invest in their Research and Development department. | Brand Loyalty| The extent of the faithfulness of consumers to a particular brand, expressed through their repeat purchases, irrespective of the marketing pressure generated by the competing brands. | Given logical ass umptions, automobile factories and companies remain loyal to RDB’s ball bearings, given their high quality product. | Demand| Desire for certain good or service supported by the capacity to purchase it.The aggregate quantity of a product or service estimated to be bought at a particular price. | RDB’s ball bearing demand is decreasing in Europe, however increasing in Brazil, China and India. | Marketing| The management process through which goods and services move from concept to the customer. It includes the 4Ps; Product, Price, Place and Promotion. | RDB plans to expand their marketing reach with the use of modern and technologically advanced media, in order to reach new customers and create brand awareness. Advertising| The activity or profession of producing information for promoting the sale of commercial products or services. | RDB is currently promoting their sales throughout their plans to expand into different countries with smaller environmentally friendly fa ctories. | Promotion| The advancement of a product, idea, or point of view through publicity and/or advertising. | RDB plans to advertise in a greater scale. | ICT| Stands for â€Å"Information and Communication Technologies. ICT refers to technologies that provide access to information through telecommunications. It is similar to Information Technology (IT), but focuses primarily on communication technologies. This includes the Internet, wireless networks, cell phones, and other communication mediums. | This company is currently planning to establish a higher range of their information and communications technologies given that they require a higher advertising range. Brand Awareness| Extent to which a brand is recognized by potential customers, and is correctly associated with a particular product. Expressed usually as a percentage of target market, brand awareness is the primary goal of advertising in the early months or years of a product's introduction. | RDB has managed to cr eate brand awareness, given that they have been in the market for quite a while. They are old occupants of the market niche and their brand awareness is high. |

I am going to send paper topic by attachment Essay

I am going to send paper topic by attachment - Essay Example But very few people consider learning a new language such as Japanese, French or German. Despite the fact that these languages are not as prevalent as English, they still are steeped in great linguistics and implications. Without doubt, there are as many reasons as to why one should learn a new language. But most important of all: learning a new language is considered to be a collective undertaking since it will always benefit the individual (Klass 1-2). I have learned Japanese language, and the communication pattern was business. The significant of learning this language is the stimulation that comes with it. It makes one develop a piqued curiosity as well as acquire a certain ache for knowledge eventually. Normally, common things become titillating, and the conscience is introduced to better ways of approaching and tackling the intricacies of our everyday lives (Klass 1-2). Japanese language has certain solid societal nuances that call up emotions whenever listened to or muttered. While appraising the Japanese food culture, it made me understand how to enunciate words, for instance, when ordering for sushi -after the waiter asks: go-chuumon wa okimaridesu ka you? (Have you decided on your order?) You simply reply by saying: Boku wa sushi (as for me, I will have sushi). This experience of aptitude and power made me think that it will one day definitely assuage much of the travelling, therefore making my future trip to Japan all the more relaxing and/or enjoyable. Irrespective of the motive why I choose to learn Japanese, the experience somehow permitted me to explore new linguistic fields. One thing, learning a new language can mean expanding career opportunities and certainly enjoying the beauty of an entirely alien language enabled me to understand the grammatical as well as historical, and sociocultural elements associated with it. Learning Japanese facilitated my overall learning abilities and thus far broadened

The Great Depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

The Great Depression - Essay Example When, on that Black Monday, the stock market did actually crash, and when bankruptcies and layoffs followed on its heels, the country was unprepared-due to ideology as well as limited governmental infrastructure-to deal with the economic repercussions. All signs pointed to a booming American economy in the 1920s. Between the years of 1925 and 1929, the number of factories, shops, and other establishments of production rose from 183,900 to 206,700, better than a ten percent increase; the value of the products coming out of those establishments rose similarly, from $60.8 billion to $68 billion (Galbraith, 2). In addition, the number of new cars rolling off the assembly line rose from 4,301,000 in 1926 to 5,358,000 in 1929 (Galbraith, 2). The power of the American dollar was such that it was in constant circulation; Americans were making money at a faster rate than ever, and they were spending it at a faster rate as well. In addition to the unprecedented growth in the production factor, the question for many middle-class Americans came to be what they should do with their newfound surplus. The Twenties provided no shortage of opportunities in this regard. ... Higher incomes and better transportation were making it increasingly accessible to the frost-bound North. The time indeed was coming when the annual flight to the South would be as regular and impressive as the migration of the Canada Goose" (Galbraith, 3). Indeed the potential for making money was so great in Florida that speculation ran rampant; properties, often swamp land and nowhere near the ocean, could be purchased for a mere 10% down payment, and by 1925, empty lots were trading for many thousands of dollars, based exclusively on the assumption that they would some day be worth a great deal to developers (Galbraith, 4-5). The stock market was another popular investment opportunity. The New York Times securities index averaged, at the time, the prices of twenty-five "good, sound stocks with regular price changes and generally active markets," usually industrials (Galbraith, 7). The average price for those stocks rose steadily and dramatically throughout the Twenties, from $106 in May of 1924 to $245 at the end of 1927, and they continued rising (Galbraith, 7-9). The culmination of these factors lulled Americans into a sense of false security. Somehow, it seems, the prevailing opinion was that success and prosperity would continue; it was seen as the ultimate fulfillment of the American dream. Only the markets could not support the growth; investment and speculation had overvalued stocks, commodities, and real estate. Production would wane, layoffs would occur, and America, precisely because of its blind adherence to this dogma of optimism, would find itself stricken and unprepared to deal with the cons equences. In the aftermath of the stock market crash, it became apparent quite quickly that the country was not ready for an economic

Strategic Management_ Acer Computers company Essay

Strategic Management_ Acer Computers company - Essay Example d). Sony, Hewlet Packard, Dell etc are some of the competitors of Acer. Acer is not without its problems though, while market shares in Europe continue to go up, the market shares listed in North America have been slipping over the last few years (The History Of Acer, 2009). The current global financial crisis has affected the business of Acer in North America. Computer industry is one of the worst affected segments because of the recession. At the same time the business of Acer in the Asian region has increased a lot because of the comparatively less damage, the recession has done to the Asian countries like India and China. Acer is utilizing the merger and acquisition strategies to strengthen their wings across the world. In 2007, Acer announced their plans to acquire their US rivals Gateway Inc. In 2008 they have acquired more than 75% shares of Packard Bell. Acer has started to use Linux as the operating system in their notebooks and laptops from 2008 onwards in order to promote the free software Linux and also to minimize the cost of laptops. Acer and HP have recently engaged in severe law suit of patent violation which they settled amicably outside the court later. A global firm is an organization which is having multinational branches across the world. It should be remembered that a firm which produce the products domestically and market them internationally need not be a global firm. Operating in more than 100 countries and employing around 40000 people worldwide, Acer is definitely a global firm. It operates in Asia, Africa, North America, Australia, Europe, Middle East, etc. Acer, at present has 12 factories and 39 assembly centers operating in different countries. It was able to sell around 7.5 million personal computers in 1998. Moreover, Acer has an excellent global sales network with over 200agents and

Rehabilitation for Runners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rehabilitation for Runners - Essay Example PHASE 2 Continue as above and add: Appropriate shoe orthotics. For example, arch supports may be worn. Posterior leg stretching Gastroc Strecth. Keep involved leg back with the knee straight and heel on the floor. Slowly bend front knee and lean into wall until stretch is felt in the calf of the back leg. Hold for 20 seconds and repeat 5 times. Soleus Strecth. Similar to the gastroc stretch, however keep both knees bent and heels on the floor. Lean into wall until a stretch is felt in the lower calf. Hold for 20 seconds and repeat 5 times. Anterior leg stretching Anterior Tibialis Stretch. In a or sitting position, cross the involved leg over the uninvolved leg. Pull the toes in a direction that will gently stretch the tissue on the top of the. Hold 20 seconds and repeat 5 times. Anterior leg strengthening Toe Taps Sit in a chair with arms resting on thighs. Begin to tap toes by lifting up foot except for the heel and returning it to the floor as fast as possible. You should start to feel the muscles in the front of the ankle working. Continue tapping for 20 seconds and repeat 5 times. PHASE 3 Limited running on treadmill or track surface at low speed, distance, and level plane Patient education: learn to recognize symptoms of shin splints in order to prevent reoccurrence and be able to administer self treatment to the area when symptoms return. PHASE 4 Return to sports Continue with stretch and strengthening of leg and ankle muscles. REFERENCES Sports Injury Clinic. (2008). Shin splints treatment and rehabilitation. 28 July, 2008 (Online). Available at: http://www.sportsinjuryclinic.net/cybertherapist/front/lowerleg/shinsplints/rehabilitation.php Plone Open Source Content Management System. (2007) Physical Theraphy...Pull the toes in a direction that will gently stretch the tissue on the top of the. Hold 20 seconds and repeat 5 times. Toe Taps Sit in a chair with arms resting on thighs. Begin to tap toes by lifting up foot except for the heel and returning it to the floor as fast as possible. You should start to feel the muscles in the front of the ankle working. Continue tapping for 20 seconds and repeat 5 times. Sports Injury Clinic. (2008). Shin splints treatment and rehabilitation. 28 July, 2008 (Online). Available at: http://www.sportsinjuryclinic.net/cybertherapist/front/lowerleg/shinsplints/rehabilitation.php The leaflet aims to help athletes specially runners on shin splint intermediate rehabilitation. Shin splints are most common among runners, particularly those just starting a running program. If an athlete has a flat arches, his/her feet may have a tendency to roll too far inward (pronate) when running which can contribute to shin splints (Mayo, 2006). It is commonly used as a "garbage can" term to include a variety of exercise-induced leg pathologies but actually represents a very specific problem.

Capstone Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Capstone - Assignment Example The iPhone, for instance, continues to be the most popular smartphone in the world today with their latest iPhone 6 already out. Forbes magazine projects the company could sell up to 70.9 million units of the new smartphone (Badenhausen, 2014). The company’s mission has also made Apple come up with the most innovative products and feature hence making it the most profitable company in the world with annual brand revenue of $170.9 Billion (†(Badenhausen, 2014). Unlike other companies, however, Apple has no written vision statement. Instead, the company’s vision is manifested through its leadership like Steve Jobs and current C.E.O Tim Cook. These leaders coin philosophies that they then pass on to the departments like Research and development which then try to come up with product concepts that are consistent with these philosophies. For instance, in the year 1998, former chief executive Steve Jobs envisioned a paradigm shift in the conventional design of personal computers and led his team into a revolution that was to change the norm permanently by introducing the iMac computer. This has given the company an edge in innovation and creativity. Some of the primary stakeholders of Apple include lenders, company employees, developers, and customers. These groups have also impacted the company in significant ways. For instance, the company enjoys an almost fanatical following from its customers. These customers have been the driving force behind apples astronomical sales figures over the years (Jones &Hill 2011). The developers have helped contribute innovative product ideas which have enabled the company produces cutting edge technological devices like the iPad. Overall, the company’s primary stakeholders have had a significant impact on Apple’s bottom line. For apple computers, the threat of new market entrants especially in the smartphone and personal computers category is significantly lower

Water privatization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Water privatization - Research Paper Example This is from the verity that the utilities of water provision will be of high quality and the investment in this sector will increase; thus, more access to water services. An analysis of the positives and cons of this aspect, therefore, needs to be analyzed so as to understand the issue in detail. Evidently, water privatization is a very crucial issue. A lot of concern needs to be taken prior to coming with a lasting conclusion on this issue. In an attempt to highlight the water privatization question, it is vital to evaluate on the question of access and availability of water to all persons especially on persons of low income. If these water access and availability are left out, a lot of concerns will definitely be raised in the water sector. I take the stand that water needs not be privatized. So as to support this stand, focus will be shed on the quality of water and privatization, costs of privatized water, the divided interests in water privatization, how expensive privatization is, the loss of public control of privatized water from the locals and the fact that privatization may be permanent and irrevocable. These evidences will outdo the aspect that water should be privatized, simply because privatization has been seen to produce quality services, water privatization i s an urbanization move, privatization of water saves lives and privatization also creates economies of scale. Privatization of water will automatically undermine the quality of water. As seen in the research conducted by Shiva, the motive of acquiring more profits in the water industry will outdo the need to serve the public; thus, water needs not be privatized (35). A closer analysis of this fact means that the wellbeing of the public will be put at danger and the profits will be considered. Barraquà © states that the move to control water, a key resource, has indeed created a huge

Volkswagen Strategic Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Volkswagen Strategic Management - Case Study Example VW group have 8 automobile brands with 44 vehicle and component production plants in European countries as well as in six countries in America; Asia & Africa. Sales operations spread around 150 countries across the globe. The group has eight major brands of vehicles namely Volkswagen passenger cars, Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini SEAT, Skoda and Volkswagen commercial Vehicles- each deal autonomously with their own vehicle business includes development and production to marketing & servicing (Accessed from the website www.volkswagen.com). 1. As part of the corporate governance and strategic management, VW group has adopted various strategic choices. Strategic fit is developing strategy by identifying opportunities in the business environment and adopting resources and competences to take advantage of these (Porter, 1980). Strategic choices are concerned with decisions about an organization's future and the way in which it needs to respond to the market pressure and influences. At different level of organization, executives are faced with choices as to how to meet the expectations of stakeholders' whilst satisfying the needs and expectation of the users, often-in competition with other organizations. Hannan & Freeman (1977) suggest that as organizations, adaptor of a particular environment they become less flexible. Organization's choices are constrained not only by an explicit cultural dimension in the sense of what we believe around here but also by what skills and resources are available and in what context those s kills and resources become valuable. Prahalad & Bettis (1986) argue that organizations have dominant logics and that these logics are based on the mental maps developed in the organizations core business. Michel Porter's (1985) five forces strategies low cost strategies and strategic choices are some of the strategies have been adopted for competitive advantages for the organizations. Campbell-Hunt (2000) suggests that differentiation can take on number of forms based on marketing variables, sales variables, quality reputation variable and product innovation variables. Sustainable competitive advantage depends on companies being able to develop and protect resource advantages by focusing on particular market position. Finally, organization's ability to succeed in a business arena depends on is ability to develop a market position that is supported by appropriate assets and capabilities. Strategic choices include corporate strategy, Business or competitive strategy and directions and methods of development. Corporate level strategy (Andrews, 1987) is concerned with the overall purpose and scope of an organization and how value will be added to different parts of (business units) the organizations. Corporate level strategy includes portfolio decisions extent of diversity and management and control of subsidiaries. The second level can be thought of in terms of business unit strategy (Hall, 1978) which is about how to complete successfully in particular markets. Business strategy includes sustainability, competitive advantages competitive strategy and strategies in hyper-competitive conditions. Finally, the directions and methods of development include market development, product development, diversification, acquisitions alliances as well as critical success criteria. It also includes the concept of suitability, acceptability and

Dreaming in Cuban Essay Example for Free

Dreaming in Cuban Essay All summer she has lived in her memories . . .. Her past, she fears, is eclipsing her present. In Celias life, it always has. Celia is caught in the folds of time. Her central memory is that of Gustavo Sierra de Armas, the married Spaniard with whom Celia, when she was a very young department store clerk in Havana, had an intense love affair that was truncated by his unannounced departure. For twenty-five years, until the triumph of the revolution, Celia writes to Gustavo on the eleventh day of each month, keeping the un-mailed letters in a satin lined box. I watch the sun rise, burning its collection of memories, she writes to Gustavo and later, Memory is a skilled seducer who hover around the mid-century of life recall the rumors of multiple seductions by the dictator at the presidential palace. For Celia, these rumors become present reality, with Celia as one of the seduced. He does not age, nor does she. In Celias reveries, memory is most often sensualized and is always infused and injected with imagination. Memory is scripted, the script becoming more real than fact. As Celias daughter Felicia will tell her son Ivanito, Imagination, like memory, can transform lies to truths . . . . The matriarch of the novels dreamers, Celia seems engaged in an eternal wait that is never concluded, never satisfied. Her life, like her time, is arrested, moving then in long, elliptical swirls like patterns drawn on the sand by her beloved sea, whose waters envelop her again and again at critical junctures, cleansing and caressing her, then depositing her once again on shore, amid the folds of time. Three generations of Cuban women dominate this marvelously told story of a family divided by politics and the Castro revolution in Cuba. Celia del Pino is the effective head of the family. She is a loyal follower of Castro who watches the beaches near her small home to protect from a surprise attack from the assumed enemies of the regime. Her daughter Felicia also remains in Cuba, but has no interest in politics and has recurring bouts of insanity but finally dies when she succumbs to a fanatical version of Cuban Santeria religion. Her sister Lourdes immigrates to the United States and exalts in her own version of the American dream becoming a successful owner of a small bakery chain. Lourdes is as bitterly anti-Castro as her mother is pro. Finally we have Pilar, daughter of Lourdes and born the very year that Castro took power. Raised in Brooklyn, but with strong feelings of her Cuban roots, Pillar is a punk artist and later musician. She is caught with a foot in both words, nostalgic for Cuba and her grandmother, but fully rooted in the cultural scene of New York City. There are other members of the del Pino family who play lesser roles and Celia’s late husband, Jorge, plays the most curious role, a bit of magic realism as he spends several years in conversation with Lourdes after he has died. Only gradually does he fade away leaving Lourdes in a position where she can finally pay a visit to her aging and dying mother in Cuba. Dreaming in Cuban is told in segments related by numerous narrative consciousnesses, usually in the third person, from time planes that move backward and forward but follow a general linear chronological direction. What we learn of Lourdes comes primarily from the third-person narrative segments devoted to her and, secondarily, from the reflections of her daughter and her mother in the sequences narrated by or devoted to them. Lourdes has passed into exile, like so many of her contemporaries in 1961, with her husband Rufino Puente and their two-year-old daughter, Pilar. Lourdes has tried to force roots into the northern soil of Brooklyn, and genuinely believes that she has done so. In fact, when they leave Miami in a secondhand Chevy, unable to bear the endless brooding over their wealth, the competition for dishwasher jobs of Rufinos family, which has been ostentatiously prominent in Havana society, it is Lourdes who insists that they move ever northward, in search of the cold. New York City, finally, is cold enough. As enterprising and dynamic as Maria de los Angeles Mina Lopez in Roberto Fernandezs much praised 1988 novel Raining Backwards, Lourdes has founded the Yankee Doodle Bakery, and in time opens a second one. A fighter and a survivor, she has prospered. Lourdes takes pride in her love of order, her practicality. A take charge person who sees right and wrong in uncomplicatedly absolute terms, Lourdes becomes a volunteer auxiliary policewoman on a neighborhood beat, slapping her nightstick over and over into her palm before she goes out on patrol. Always estranged from her distant mother, Celia, who has been sent away to Havana by her own mother, never to see her again, Lourdes feels her parental affinity is with her father, Jorge del Pino, who railed over the years in Cuba at what he termed tropical squalor and who comes to New York to die of cancer. In Cristina Garcias 1992 novel Dreaming in Cuban, Cuba is a pivotal presence. The work examines, through a wealth of female and male characters, with emphasis upon the matrilineal chain, the intense experience of Cuban ness. The island country of Cuba is portrayed from within and without, and the distance from it is measured through the fictive evocation of exile, exile once removed, and inner exile. Different views of Cuba both inspire and result from divergent exiles. I have chosen to approach the topic of Cuba as text and context in the novel through an analysis of three female characters: Lourdes del Pino Puente, a Cuban exile living in Brooklyn; her daughter Pilar, age 13 when the novel opens; and Lourdess mother, Celia del Pino, who has by choice indee insistence remained behind in Cuba, in her seaside home. In Cuba, Lourdes sister Felicia feels this unleapable distance even from her adored son Ivanito, with whom she has a powerful spiritual bond. What is he saying? his mother wonders about him. Each word is a code she must decipher, a foreign language, a streak of gunshot. Even with her boy, to whom she is more closely bound than to any other being save her mother, Felicia is unwillingly but undeniably alone. Between Ivanito and his older twin sistersstiff, unbending adherents to the regimethere is also estrangement based on language as vital posture, the sum and expression of ones stance in the world she inhabits. He will never speak his sisters language, account for his movements like a cow with a dull bell. The novels title, Dreaming in Cuban, suggests an idiom of belonging, a collective, ever imperfect antidote to isolation and estrangement. What Celia terms the morphology of survival† must always take into account the grammar of this culture specific language, Cuban. Lourdes believes herself impervious to any such considerations. Yet the sight of a lone elm set in concrete causes her to wonder if this individual is Dutch elm disease set the last of the dying species. Is it a metaphor for her own exile and separation? There are other signs as well. The New York City rivers along which Lourdes walks and patrols flow gray, absorbing the light, usually unable to return it as reflection, their color and coldness evocative of metal. Breezes from the sluggish river seem to inscribe [Lourdes] skin with metal tips. Gray is also the color of ash. Felicias third husband, falling onto the wires of a carnival ride in Cuba, turns to ash and blows northward, where he had wanted to go. For Lourdess mother, gray is also the color of memory: Memory cannot be confined . . .. Its slate gray, the color of undeveloped film. That memory has been free to follow Lourdes northward, and that she would permit it to do so is a thought she would surely deny. In her daughter Pilars memories, her mothers toucans and cockatoos, released when the revolutionaries took over the Puente hacienda, also flew north in confusiona confusion, which Lourdes emphatically rejects; she abhors all ambiguity. Yet the northern clime has inspired in her inordinate hungers. The first is an erotic appetite for Rufino, which leads her husband to install a bell in his workshop so as to be always available to her and which finally leaves him spent and weary, and the second is a concomitant craving for pecan sticky buns, which brings about a weight gain of 118 pounds. In Rufino, Lourdes is reaching for something beyond him, something he cannot give her; she may well seek in this physical union a reintegration she cannot attain, a reconnection with her remembered life left behind, with the Cuba she knew. The sticky buns, with their impossible forbidden sweetness, may be the closest Lourdes can come in exile to the sensorial bombardment, richly evoked in the pages of Dreaming in Cuban, of her island home. In Cuba, Lourdes sister Felicia feels this unleapable distance even from her adored son Ivanito, with whom she has a powerful spiritual bond. What is he saying? his mother wonders about him. Each word is a code she must decipher, a foreign language, a streak of gunshot. Even with her boy, to whom she is more closely bound than to any other being save her mother, Felicia is unwillingly but undeniably alone. Between Ivanito and his older twin sistersstiff, unbending adherents to the regimethere is also estrangement based on language as vital posture, the sum and expression of ones stance in the world she inhabits. He will never speak his sisters language, account for his movements like a cow with a dull bell. The novels title, Dreaming in Cuban, suggests an idiom of belonging, a collective, ever imperfect antidote to isolation and estrangement. What Celia terms the morphology of survival† must always take into account the grammar of this culture specific language, Cuban. Lourdes believes herself impervious to any such considerations. Yet the sight of a lone elm set in concrete causes her to wonder if this individual is Dutch elm disease set the last of the dying species. Is it a metaphor for her own exile and separation? There are other signs as well. The New York City rivers along which Lourdes walks and patrols flow gray, absorbing the light, usually unable to return it as reflection, their color and coldness evocative of metal. Breezes from the sluggish river seem to inscribe [Lourdes] skin with metal tips. Gray is also the color of ash. Felicias third husband, falling onto the wires of a carnival ride in Cuba, turns to ash and blows northward, where he had wanted to go. For Lourdess mother, gray is also the color of memory: Memory cannot be confined . . .. Its slate gray, the color of undeveloped film. That memory has been free to follow Lourdes northward, and that she would permit it to do so is a thought she would surely deny. In her daughter This is Cristina Garcia’s first novel. She was born in Havana, Cuba in 1958 but grew up in New York City. She attended Barnard College and the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies. She has been a correspondent for Time magazine and lives in Los Angeles with her husband Scott Brown. Works Cited 1. DREAMING IN CUBAN, By Cristina Garcia, 245 pages New York: Ballantine Books, 1992. ISBN # 0-345-38143-2

Planning a Classroom for Preschool Children

Planning a Classroom for Preschool Children Brandy McCauley Plan and Grade levels addressed Preschool: The purpose of this early education program is to promote an environment and atmosphere appropriate for a childs development. Preschool/General Subject 18-22 Students I have a wide varied of students. English speaker, Spanish Speakers, new your children and southern children,, My approach to classroom management is to have a fun, safe, and healthy learning environment for my children. I have found that when you include your children in decisions, it teaches them to make the better choice than to misbehave and be disciplined. Classroom rules should be created by the educator and the students in the classroom on the first day of school. Some teachers set their own rules for the kids to follow, but it is good if the children are involved in making the rules. If the rules were agreed upon by everybody in the class, each of them will feel the responsibility of their own actions. Carrying out the rules daily is necessary for them to be reminded and their obedience to the rules to be established. It is important that the rules be set in their hearts and minds and this will be achieved by applying it daily until it becomes a part of their daily routine in the classroom. Create and follow a daily classroom schedule. When children get use to a schedule they know what is coming next and can prepare themselves for the next step. When I can organize my classroom and make my material easily accessible for myself and the children in class, I am able to prepare and gather my materials for that day in a timely manner. Expecting preschoolers to sit diligently and wait for me to cut out patterns and collect supplies for an art activity is not going to happen. I have learned from previous experiences and I will have an emergency activity planned and ready. That way if something comes up I am ready to handle it. Having all of your materials prepped and ready to go will prevent the kids in my class from getting bored and acting up. This will allow transition time to run smoothly. Providing simple activities such as games, stories, songs, and coloring sheets will reduce mayhem. Rules and Expectations In my classroom, my children and I sit down at the beginning of the year and brainstorm to create a set of rules that we agree upon and expectations that we all can accomplish. Hands are for helping-we use loving touches. Keeping hands to your self is always nice. Cleaning up our toys is fun to do. Washing our hands- keeps germs away. Stop, Look, and Listen to your teacher. (Keeping rules positive encourage children to be positive) Roles students have in the classroom I have a bulletin board in my classroom that has daily responsibilities. Line leader, helper for paper towels, crayons, and activity books. The children take their colored Velcro butterfly and put them under the one that they want to take their turn at. Each week every child gets to do at least one responsibility, this also helps with taking turns. This is good for all children because it helps them to develop responsibilities and helps them develop self-esteem and awareness of themselves and others. The idea for a print rich environment is for children to be engaged in significant learning, either alone or with their peers. When children work in centers they learn and develop new skills such as, the ability to share with peers and engaging with each other by developing better knowledge of the spoken and written language. â€Å"Customize and personalize learning activities to address students’ diverse learning styles, working strategies, and abilities using digital tools and resources† (ISTE, 2.C). Roles you play in the classroom The teacher must be hands-on in her approach to efficient instruction, classroom supervision, and positive performance. As the teacher, I will be actively moving around the room, helping, correcting, answering, encouraging, smiling, correcting, caring, and showing children steps, procedures, and lessons. Implementation plan: My classroom arrangement and order Effective management of classrooms should use these procedures so that the children can function in class properly. â€Å"Learning occurs only when students are actively engaged and in control of their own learning.† (Wong, 2009, p167). â€Å"If a classroom is not properly organized to support the type of schedule and activities a teacher has planned, it can impede the functioning of the day as well as limit what and how students learn. However, a well-arranged classroom environment is one way to more effectively manage instruction because it triggers fewer behavior problems and establishes a climate conducive to learning.†(Weinstein, 1992). The materials and equipment available for young childrens use should reflect their ethnic backgrounds, cultural families, and communities. Recordings, books, posters, recipes, signs, and dress-up clothes and props reflect these diverse children backgrounds and home languages. These materials match the individual, group association a nd developmental skills and interests of the children. Creative room arrangement promotes a childs positive self-image and encourages a wide variety of age appropriate activities. Organized centers help children develop a sense of play, responsibility, and cleanup procedures. Children want sufficient indoor space so that they can play and learn in a safe loving environment. Appropriate furnishings need to meet the demands of their daily schedules. It is important to keep children’s arts, crafts, stories, and doodles at their eye level so that they can see it on display everyday and this can create and promote positive feelings and self esteem. This work being on display for everyone to see can promote good valued and appreciated greater esteem in them self..All of the needs described above provides an environment that supports developmentally appropriate practices. My children are able to choose their centers with their butterflies. Each child has color coded butterflies that match their cubbyholes, jacket rack, table and chair an d a Velcro butterfly that they can attach to the center or activity they have chosen for that time frame. This is how my children choose between their centers and learn to make decisions from a variety of choices. It’s important that I choose names for the interest areas that make sense to children and are easy for them to identify. All of my areas are appropriate for my two, three, and four year olds. â€Å"Promote, support, and model creative and innovative thinking and inventiveness†. (ISTE,1.A). This area is specifically designed to support language development because children can communicate their ideas to others vocally, or visually on the paper or board. The activity or experience that the children can specifically be engaged in block construction of different types while developing language skills by communicating with teachers and peers. While discovering this area they can also use the poster cues and print rich environment to enhance vocabulary. The role of the teacher will be to assist in providing and developing conversation while building. The effectiveness of this area on language development will be assessed on the amount of interactions between children. The art/easel area is set up with three easels in a circle with posters on the surrounding walls. The area supports language development by encouraging the children to show their work and discuss what their drawings. The posters and wall art provide inspiration to the children and their imaginations. The childr en can specifically be engaged in activities designed to encourage language and communication while in the middle of creative and imaginative artwork. The role of the teacher will be to encourage children to take in their surroundings to develop emotional ties to their artwork and in return communication to others will be enhanced. The effectiveness of this area on language development is determined by an explanation of their work. The learning area is set up with a few different components, including an alphabet tree, a kidney table with label rich environment, a learning wall that has daily routines, rules, calendar, weather, and white board, along with carpet squares so that each child has their own space to sit. This area supports language development because as a class, the information on the wall is provided and reviewed along with adding letters to the tree as they are discovered. The experience that the children can specifically be engaged in considers the educational learni ng activities that allow children knowledge of letters, months, weather, etc. When discovering all of the previously mentioned lessons, children can communicate with each other. The role of the teacher will be to facilitate the discovering process. The effectiveness of this area on language development will be accessed by listening to the children teach each other and communicate what they have been reviewing. My classroom walking paths allow children and adults to move comfortably throughout the room. The pathways are defined with the layout equipment. In my classroom I have 6 centers set up and during the morning play, the children can choose from 3. During the evening play they have a choice of the other 3. I have designed several different play centers. The kitchen center has a wooden, three piece set that is durable and safe for children to lean on and play with. The block center has both foam and wooden blocks. It also has large legos so that the children are given the opportunity to learn to put all types of blocks together or build things with. The next center is family living, where I have a child size church jacket, a dress, an apron, and career sets, such as medical kit, vet supplies, teaching clip board, a construction hat, and an army hat. Also in that area is baby dolls and stuffed animals. I have a center for matchbox cars, which includes many cars, a race track, wooden traf fic signs, a garage, and a neighborhood rug to play on. I have a center designed for science that includes dinosaurs, plastic animals, classroom board books, large magnets, and oil and water bottles. My last center is my lounge area. I have a child-sized plastic pool with pillows that include a shelf with puppets, books, and stuffies. All of my areas are appropriate for my two, three, and four year olds. The materials that I have placed in my early childhood program have been chosen carefully to ensure that they are developmentally appropriate and that they support young children’s interests, cultural backgrounds, and their developmental stages and abilities. By creating and implementing a learning environment means careful planning for the start of the school year. The learning environment must be envisioned in both a physical space and a cognitive space. My program is designed to provide a positive experience to all children and their families, where their economic, cultural, and educational diversity is valued. Classroom Layout References Decker, C., Decker, J., Freeman, N., and Knorpf, H. (2009). Planning and administering early childhood programs (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson International Society for Technology in Education. ISTE Standards Teachers. Retrieved from http://www.iste.org/docs/pdfs/20-14_ISTE_Standards-T_PDF.pdf Newman, R. (2013). Teaching and learning in the 21st century: Connecting the dots. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Puckett, K (2013). Differentiating Instruction: A Practical Guide. Bridgepoint Education: San Diego, CA. Read, M. A., Sugawara, A. I., Brandt, J. A. (1999). Impact of space and color in the physical environment on preschool childrens cooperative behavior. Environment Behavior, 31(3), 413-428. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00139169921972173 Weinstein, C. S. (1992). Designing the instructional environment: Focus on seating. Retrieved from: http://education.odu.edu/esse/docs/classroomenvironments.pdf Wong, H. K., Wong, R. T. (2009). The first days of school: How to be an effective teacher. Mountainview, CA: Harry K. Wong Publications.

To Pleasant Or Not To Pleasant :: essays research papers

TO PLEASANT OR NOT TO PLEASANT?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Welcome to the world of drugs, sex, crime, and the worst weather you could ever imagine. Or, if it were a choice would you rather jump into the TV and join all your buddies at the perfect place. Nothing is ever out of order, there are no â€Å"F’s† to worry about, you do everything the same way everyday and if you do anything it’s going to be perfect. The largest problem that would come along would be Mrs. Smith’s cat getting stuck in the tree again. Luckytown you ask? No, it’s Pleasantville. Sounds great doesn’t it. Who wouldn’t want to live there? But, there always has to be someone to corrupt everything.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this story that started out with two siblings that hated each other because of their popularity at school turned into a great movie. The sister was punky and the brother was nerdy, their views on life were very different. When the sister, Reese Witherspoon, plans to have her soon to be boyfriend over to watch the MTV awards her brother, Toby Magurie, has already planned to watch his favorite TV show Pleasantville. As the two fight over the remote control they break it. An old mysterious man shows up claming to be the TV repairman. Both siblings are in wonder why he showed up on their doorstep. They let him in; he ends up testing the brother on Pleasantville. Then he gives the two a big powerful remote that anyone would go crazy over. They are instantly zapped into the TV. When they get to Pleasantville they are both shocked and don’t know what to do. The brother tries to get the sister to play along, but that is not her inner nature. She plays along in f ront of her brother, for a while. She quickly tires of all the sweetness and starts playing with everyone. She shows them bad things and the result of this is color. Everyone starts changing colors and the gray people are revolted by the change, because it’s not what they are used to. As the movie goes through, everything changes. It kind of has the effect of war. One bad thing happens and everyone is effected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The sister and the brother have to start getting along to keep everyone sane. The idea of the change was the reason why everyone was changing. The teenagers would have intercourse and turn to color, they would read and turn to color, and even chew gum and turn to color.

The Alien And Sedition Acts :: essays research papers

The debate over the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 revealed bitter controversies on a number of issues that had been developing since the penning of the Constitution. The writers of the document knew that over time the needs of the nation and its people would change, and therefore provided for its amendment. But by not expressly delegating powers to specific organizations, whether the federal government, state governments, or the people themselves, they inadvertently created a major problem in the years to follow: Constitutional interpretation.Shortly after the Constitution's ratification, two distinct camps formed, each believing in opposite manners of interpretation. One group, the Federalists, led by the newly appointed Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, thought that the Constitution should be interpreted very loosely. He claimed that the Constitution contained powers other than those delegated or enumerated. These unspecified powers were implied powers. To explain these powers, Hamilton said it would be natural - or implied - that the federal government would gain control over any territory gained through conquest of purchase, although the Constitution made no mention of territorial control. In essence, Hamilton wished to use the implied powers to build a strong and authoritative central government.In 1789, the Minister to France Thomas Jefferson, to Francis Hopkinson of Pennsylvania, protesting that "I am not of the party of the federalists. But I am much farther from that of the anitfederalists." However, the situation was so sensitive that he could not help but chose a side. In 1795, Jefferson wrote to a congressman from Virginia, William Giles, that he "held "t honorable to take a firm and decided part." The group he sided with, the Democratic-Republicans, favored a strict interpretation. As their leader, Jefferson argued that all powers not enumerated by the Constitution belonged to the States. The basi s for his argument was the old English "compact" theory. This theory stated that various individuals, in this case the states, joined together in a formal agreement of government. Since the states had drawn up the contract and given power to the federal government, it should be up to them to decide who received the power, not the body they created.This debate over interpretation thus sparked one of the first and major issues that eventually led to the Alien and Sedition Acts: should a strong central government be formed (federalist desire), or should the individual states have control. And wild attacks of the ensuing debate also ignited the second issue, public defamation, which led to the Sedition Act.

Adam Smith :: Biography

Adam Smith Adam Smith was born in Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland. His exact date of his birth is unknown but he was baptized on June 5, 1723. At the age of fifteen, Smith began attending Glasgow University where he studied moral philosophy. In 1748 he began giving lectures in Edinburgh where he discussed rhetoric and later he began to discuss the economic philosophy of the â€Å"simple system of natural liberty† which he later proclaimed in his Inquiry into Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. In 1751, Smith was appointed professor of logic at Glasgow university, transferring in 1752 to the chair of moral philosophy. His lectures covered the field of ethics, rhetoric, jurisprudence and political economy. In 1759 he published his Theory of Moral Sentiments, embodying some of his Glasgow lectures. This work was about those standards of ethical conduct that hold society together, with emphasis on the general harmony of human motives. Smith moved to London in 1776, where he published An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, which examined in detail the consequences of economic freedom. It covered such concepts as the role of self-interest, the division of labor, the function of markets, and the international implications of a laissez-faire economy. The Wealth of Nations established economics as an autonomous subject and, launched the economic doctrine of free enterprise. In the western world, it is the most influential book on the subject. When the book, which has become a classic manifesto against mercantilism, appeared in 1776, there was a strong sentiment for free trade in both Britain and America. This new feeling had been born out of the economic hardships and poverty caused by the war but the British public and parliament still clung to mercantilism for many years to come. Smith laid the intellectual framework that explained the free market and still holds true today.

A Halloween Night Essay

The town next to ours was a little mining town called Cheshire. Despite it being a productive and rich mining town, it was well known for the Legend of the Witches Circle. It was said that twelve witches used to live here. At the struck of midnight, they would fly around the town, creating nuisance and scaring off anyone in their path. After many deaths, people fled the town, fearing falling victim to the evil witches. Mining was halted and the town was abandoned. No one has returned to Cheshire ever since. The mood of Halloween was in the air. It was the end of October and large pumpkins were being put out for sale at the farms. Everyone in Saintsbury was getting ready for Halloween. Statues of goblins and evil witches could be seen everywhere. It was finally here, Halloween night. The streetlights were not working. Instead, the faint glows of candlelight lined the street. I was a bit old to go trick or treating; I had better plans with my friend. Jack, a good friend of mine had planned for us to pay a little visit to Cheshire, to prove to ourselves right that the legend of the witches were just a myth. I met up with him downtown and we got what we needed, and set out on the dark winding path through the forest leading into Cheshire. The noise began to slowly fade away. The forest was strangely quiet that night. I could hear myself breathing heavily. We walked arm in arm, guided by the dim light from the small torch. It was a true Halloween night. The full moon was shining through the bare branches casting eerie shadows on our path as we walked. A cool breeze was blowing sending leaves dancing messily across the forest floor. I remember thinking to myself that this night was truly the kind that you imagine when you listen to a scary tale. Holding tightly to the person next to you, just like I was holding Jack as we walked that evening. The path we walked on would take us past the cemetery and end at the crest above Devil’s Den, where it is believed the witches used to slay their victims every night. We chose this path because of it being the night it was. We were feeling young and out for an adventure. An adventure that led us into the heart of the townà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s legendary witches’ circle. As we walked past the cemetery a group of mischievous boys came jumping out from behind some tombstones and trees. My heart was in my throat and I felt Jack give a startled jump. â€Å"Oi, what the hell do you think youà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½re doing!† shouted Jack. They ran away laughing, off to find their next victim. My I was still looking terrified and when Jack turned to see if I was all right, he started laughing too. Then jokingly, I sent him stumbling backwards over a log into a big pile of leaves from a nearby oak tree. I ran and found a good spot to hide, to do some scaring of my own. I had settled in behind a rock above Devil’s Den and feeling pleased with myself, waited for the sound of crunching leaves. I listened carefully, but what broke the silence was not the sound I expected. From below, in Devil’s Den, I heard chanting. I slowly turned around to see who or what it was that was chanting. Suddenly, from behind, an arm grabbed me. I opened my mouth to scream, but it was quickly covered by a second hand. As I struggled to get loose I wondered what had happened to Jack and if I was going to die tonight. Reality set in when I heard Jack’s voice whispering my name. When I finally settled down, he whispered for me to be quiet before he released his hand from over my mouth. As he released his hold, my eyes drifted down to the strange sight below. † Oh my God!!!† I said. In the valley below, surrounding a large stone altar, stood twelve figures. They were dressed in black gowns with hoods that hung over their faces, giving them an eerie appearance. As they stood encircling the altar their soft chanting could be heard. Soon my body was covered with goose bumps as their voices softly filled the night air. From the cover of the night we knelt watching in silence. Then there was silence as a man leading a goat appeared out of the darkness. They tied the goat to the altar while a new figure entered the light. In his hand was a large dagger that he carried to the top of the altar then knelt and chanted softly. Slowly he rose, raising the dagger high into the air, then with a loud cry he lowered the blade into the screaming goats chest. With ease he sliced open the goat while it cried and squirmed. Then, as if it was an orange he began to peel its skin from the body. When he had finished he held the head and skin high into the air as if he was praying to his god. He called for power as he placed the goat’s head in place. The skin was still wet with blood and it clung to his back. Blood covered his face as it ran from the goat’s head before falling to the ground. Then he turned and spoke to the darkness. A young woman entered into the light and in her arms she carried a small child. There was no expression on her face as she placed the child upon the altar before turning and walking back into the darkness. The child laid cradled in the carcass of the goat as the leader fell to his knees at the side of the altar. The other twelve, still encircling the altar, continued the chanting. Their cries became louder and louder. Suddenly there was silence as the leader stood. He raised the dagger into the air, a cold dark expression on his face as he again prayed to his god. Just as he was ready to plunge the blade into the child, a scream pierced the night. Their eyes searched the darkness for the intruder and soon all eyes were on me. The eyes of the Death Leader locked into mine. Then all went black. I woke up with the sensation of heat against my skin. I looked around and saw twelve black figures standing around me. My hands were tied back to a pole and around me was a big ring of fire. Barely opening my eyes, because of the intense heat, I looked for Jack. I could not find him. Then I saw it. On the altar, lay the body of a young man. I tried to stand on my toe to see is he was all right. I felt sick. His body was covered with blood. A deep cut ran straight down his chest. I turned away, not being able to bear what I just saw. I looked up to the figure sitting next to the altar. It was terrifying. It was the most hideous face I had ever seen. It had a pale yellow skin and had holes for eyes. He stared at me coldly and stood up before reaching for the dagger, soaking in blood, from the altar. I got terrified and struggled to free myself, to no avail. I let out a scream, as he raised the dagger into the air, his cold eyes staring into mine. I held my eyes shut, waiting for it. Then all went silent. I opened my eyes, much to my relief. Everything was gone, my hands were untied. The rays of sun, arising amidst the clouds, broke the darkness. The altar and fire was gone too.

Bachelor Degree Essay

The need for competent bedside nurses has drastically increased and so will it continue in the future. The level of basic education that a nurse should have has always been an issue of debate and controversy. The ADN program is shorter and more concise which focuses on the clinical skills and is more tasks oriented. It lacks the theory and science behind nursing as a profession. ADN nurses usually have 2-3 years education and are focused to provide individualized care to their patients based on their diagnosis. The BSN program is a four-year degree, which is knowledge, theory and research based and the emphasis is on the entire picture of the field of nursing. The BSN nurse would use the researching and critical thinking background of her education to care for patients. Many do not realize there is a difference between the two. Both associate degree graduate and baccalaureate degree graduates take the same NCLEX board exam for licensing and enter the same job. Unlike associate-degree nursing programs where the nurses function primarily at the bedside in less complex patient care situations, the BSN program prepares the nurse to practice in all health care settings – critical care, outpatient care, public health, and mental health. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing has posted a detailed position statement (2000) and fact sheet (2010) on their websites endorsing the position that the minimum entry level requirement for nurses be a BSN degree. The BSN nurse is well-qualified to deliver care in private homes, outpatient centers, and neighborhood clinics where demand is fast expanding as hospitals focus increasingly on acute care and as health care moves beyond the hospital to more primary and preventive services throughout the community. At increasing numbers of hospitals nationwide, baccalaureate-prepared nurses are being utilized in ways that recognize their different educational preparation and competency from associate-degree nurses. In these differentiated practice models, BSN nurses not only provide more complex aspects of daily care and patient education, but also design and coordinate a comprehensive plan of nursing care for the entire length of a patient’s stay – from pre-admission to post-discharge – including supervising nurse’s aides and other unlicensed assistive personnel, designing discharge and teaching plans for patients, and collaborating with patients, physicians, family members, and other hospital departments and resource personnel. Evidence shows that nursing education level is a factor in patient safety and quality of care. As cited in the report When Care Becomes a Burden released by the Milbank Memorial Fund in 2001, two separate studies conducted in 1996 – one by the state of New York and one by the state of Texas – clearly show that significantly higher levels of medication errors and procedural violations are committed by nurses prepared at the associate degree and diploma levels as compared with the baccalaureate level. These findings are consistent with findings published in the July/August 2002 issue of Nurse Educator magazine that references studies conducted in Arizona, Colorado, Louisiana, Ohio and Tennessee that also found that nurses prepared at the associate degree and diploma levels make the majority of practice-related violations. AACN and other authorities believe that education has a strong impact on a nurse’s ability to practice, and that patients deserve the best educated nursing workforce possible. A growing body of research reinforces this belief and shows a connection between baccalaureate education and lower mortality rates. Baccalaureate nursing programs encompass all of the course work taught in associate degree and diploma programs plus a more in-depth treatment of the physical and social sciences, nursing research, public and community health, nursing management, and the humanities. The additional course work enhances the student’s professional development, prepares the new nurse for a broader scope of practice, and provides the nurse with a better understanding of the cultural, political, economic, and social issues that affect patients and influence health care delivery. Throughout the last decade, policymakers and practice leaders have recognized that education makes a difference. (http://www. aacn. nche. edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/impact-of-education. References http://www. aacn. nche. edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/impact-of-education. (n. d). The Impact of Education on Nursing Practice . Retrieved May 21, 2013, from http://www. aacn. nche. edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/impact-of-education.

Black Like Me by John Howard Griffin

In â€Å"Black Like Me† by John Howard Griffin identifies how conflict management greatly changes after he undergoes a drastic lifestyle change to discover the truth of how people are categorized by their skin color and not their own character. Griffin undergoes an experiment in order to allow him to study and elaborate on racial boundaries that still exist during the 1950†³s. Griffin, almost immediately realizes segregation and low self-esteem caused by the feeling of being hated due to the color of your skin. The conflict management in the book changes drastically after his pigment is changed and he is no longer part of a privileged white American society, and now he his part of a hated society due to physical differences that make them seem inferior to the dominate race. Griffin†s conflict management style greatly changes after he undergoes his experiment. At the beginning of his journey, he was very aggressive, and took things for granite such as eating in restaurants and using public facilities. After he changes his pigmentation it changes his conflict management due to what he is succumbed to because of the change in the variation of his skin color. The only conflict management skills he had were the ones he learned by watching others who were adapted to the Society. For instance, â€Å"blacks see themselves as inferior to whites because of the society they live in†. For example, † on the bus ride to Mississippi, Griffin encounters a man who black on the outside, and tries to think of himself as part of the white culture and hopes when he dies, the white part of his soul shall go to heaven†. Griffin conflict management is passive in the end only because he is observing and he doesn†t want to draw attention to himself, which might get him into trouble. Griffin†s conflict management is arbitrary because he is no longer what he was before the experiment and knows he is going to have to live like a black male for the rest of his natural life.

Andrew Jackson Sectionalism

Sometimes when a ruling authority decide what they think is the â€Å"best† for their country, sectionalism evolves. Sectionalismisloyalty to the interests of one's own region or section of the country, rather than the nation as a whole. In simple words,it means one would only strive toimprove their town or area, rather than improving the country. An example of sectionalism would be during Andrew Jackson’s presidency. The decisions made during Jackson’s president caused sectionalism itself to manifest. Signs of sectionalism showed after Congress released the Tariff of 1828, the vetoing of the re-chartering of the Bank of the United States, and Jackson refusing to admit Texas as a state. The Tariff of 1828 was a major factor that contributed to the emerging sectional conflicts during Andrew Jackson’s presidency. Passed by Congress in 1828, it was aimed to protect the booming industries in the north and tax the south on imported goods such as wool, fur, liquor, etc. The South was angry at paying a high amount on imported goods, since it harmed their economy. As a result, South Carolina threatened secession from the Union. Congress, hoping to make things work better for the south, issued the Tariff of 1832, lowering the tariff down to 35% with a reduction of 10%, but the southerners still thought this was not enough. So it led to the Nullification Crisis of 1832; the South Carolinians said the Tariff of 1832 was unconstitutional, declaring it to be a void. Jackson, angry about this whole conflict, issued a proclamation against S. C. in which Governor Hayne from S. C. eleased a counter-proclamation, causing sectional tensions to be lurking around the corners. This whole conflicted ended when Henry Clay proposed a compromise bill that would reduce the Tariff of 1832 by about 10% over a period of eight years, so that by 1842 the rates would be down to 20% to 25%. Andrew Jackson vetoing the re-chartering of the Bank of the United States proved sectionalism to be emerging. Jackson and the westerners saw the BUS as a tool of the rich to get ric her, but to the easterners, it was a great institution that reduced bank failures secured their funds. The vetoing of the re-chartering of the Bank of the United States started when Henry Clay deployed a strategy hoping to bring Jackson’s popularity down so then he can hopefully win the next presidential election. He presented Jackson a bill for the re-chartering of the BUS that was four years early. The point of this was if Jackson signed it, he would lose supporters from the west and south, and if he vetoed it, he would lose the support from the elite and wealthy people of the East. However, the people from the east were now a minority and they fearedJackson. Jackson vetoed the re-charter bill, scorning the BUS to be unconstitutional, which aligned the west against the East. Sectionalism emerged between the north and the south when Jackson refused to admit Texas as a state. After Texas gained its independence from Santa Anna in 1836, many of the Texans wanted to become part of the Union, but the slavery issue wouldn’t allow this. If Texas was to be admitted to the Union, then that means there would be 13 slave states and 12 free states, breaking the whole point of the Missouri Compromise. The Missouri Compromise called for all states above the 36 degree 30 line to be free, and the states under that line would be slave states, bringing a fair balance between slave states and free states. The Northerners were uneasy with Texas since they didn’t want Texas to be admitted to the Union, otherwise there would be more slave states than free. During Andrew Jackson’s presidency, tensions between the south, west, and north emerged causing sectionalism. Sectionalism emerged after Congress released the Tariff of 1828, the re-chartering of the Bank of the United States was vetoed, and Jackson refusing to admit Texas as a state.

Project Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Management - Case Study Example The risks have an effect on the elements of the project and once should consider factors that may delay a project or may affects its cost, so that contingency plan may be made. All of these, will aid an organization in defining what will be the scope of the project and the time and cost involved in its completion. Case study 1: Hydroelectric Development is better in identifying the risks since it listed risk involved in each element, this makes is easier to see the possible risks and it is even grouped depending on what will be affected like quantity, unit cost, schedule or global (overall). This is found in Table 20.3 - Risks for the hydroelectric project (John Wiley & Sons, 2005) Case study 2: Irrigation scheme, on the other hand, is better in quantifying risks because it is able to assess the overall effect of risks to the elements, meaning, it balances each risk based on the strength of another risk or weakness of the other. Each risk may have an effect to the other, and considering its combined effect is more accurate in quantifying the risk involved than by considering individual risk for each element. Dependence and correlation is also computed for the 2nd case study. As defined in Wikipedia: Correlations are useful because they can indicate a predictive relationship that can be exploited in practice. For example, an electrical utility may produce less power on a mild day based on the correlation between electricity demand and weather. In this example there is a causal relationship, because extreme weather causes people to use more electricity for heating or cooling; however, statistical dependence is not sufficient to demonstrate the presence of such a causal relationship. Overall, it is easier to follow the method used for the Hydroelectric development because as mentioned above, it listed all risks involved for each element. The analysis is simple and straight forward, that all risks having both direct and indirect effects to elements were listed,

Exam practice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Exam practice - Assignment Example Customers prefer inexpensive, slower performance and give a higher score to sensors in the 7 years range. The company should supply this market with cheap and well proofed products. The forecast sales are about $14500 with a capacity number of 7% High end segment: the customers seek cutting edge technology and new designs. Its age is 0 years, price of about $36 with a performance of 8.9 and market size 11.1. The customers at this segment demand cutting edge sensors with high performance and small size and give high scores to newer sensors. The company should therefore supply the market with high performance, small size and newer sensors to satisfy them. The forecast sales are $22500 with capacity number of 9%. Performance segment: they seek high reliable and cutting edge performance technology. It has an age of 1 year, performance 9.4, size 16.0 and price of about $27. Customers emphasize on performance and a 1 year range. The company should supply with sensors of high performance and of at least one year range. The forecast sales are about $16000 with a capacity number of 8% Size segment: customers seek cutting edge size technology and young designers. Performance is 4.0, size 10.6, and age 1.5 years. Customers look at size than performance and over 1.5 years range. The company should supply large size and young designs to the segment. The forecast sales are about $18500 with a capacity number of

Consultancy Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Consultancy Project - Essay Example In 2004, Neary argued and said that strategic rationale and efficiency gain derived out of mergers and acquisitions are the two common reasons identified by Business Organization Literature (Neary, 2004, p.48). To study the literature on this research area, empirical researches done related to this study will be collected from the online books and journals. Most of the previous researches indicated that M&A activity has a 50 percent chance of success which is similar to the probability of getting a ‘head’ when an individual toss an unbiased coin. In 2004, Bruner argued and said that synergy means co-operate or work together and involves in merger when two organizations come together and pool in their resources and expertise for better performance, which is also known as synergy. Thus, in order to achieve continuous growth and survive global competition it is important for organizations to adapt M&A strategy. In today’s world the primary objective of a firm is to survive the cut-throat competition and one way to do that is to make more profits and add value to shareholders’ wealth. The ladder of success for any firm is ‘growth’ which can be achieved either by expanding existing resources or introduction of new products and services. Another way of achieving growth is through merger and acquisition (M&A). It has become an important an important way for firms to expand their product portfolios and gaining new markets. M&A also helps the firm’s to acquire knowledge, latest technology and improved management capabilities. In addition, M&A has been found to be extremely successful for specific sectors like pharmaceuticals where extensive Research & Developments are required. Tesco is the second largest company (after Wal- Mart) to earn profit as well as in the retail industry, the company holds the position of

Measures To Put Under Control the Cases Performance Deficiency among Assignment - 1

Measures To Put Under Control the Cases Performance Deficiency among Employees - Assignment Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the leader should avoid being biased about the situation. He should make his conclusions about what led to the action. He should, rather be willing to listen to the person, and have a clear understanding of the cause of his inadequate performance. This helps to show the individual that he has a chance to be heard, without being judged. Providing the corrective feedback promptly, within the time the problem is noticed is necessary. This is because it will help guide the employee in performing his activities, and avoid a recurrence. According to Yukl, when an employee demonstrates inadequate performance, it is necessary for the leader to explain to the person the effects of his behavior. He makes the person understand that his behavior has a significant effect, not only to the company but also to his coworkers. When facing an incident of inadequate performance, the leader should stay calm, and exhibit professionalism. This means that he sh ould avoid accusations or insults to the person. By doing this, the employee understands the magnitude of his actions and works to improve his performance. To be a quality follower who is indispensable, it is necessary to have a clear knowledge and understanding of what the company requires you to do. According to Yukl, by understanding your roles and how they should be performed, you can deliver positive results that will impress the leader. This helps to ensure that work is completed as per the leader’s expectation. If the role is not clear, the person should request for clarification, and this will help improve the performance of the individual. When performing duties for a company, one should ensure constant communication with the leader is maintained. The leader should be updated on every activity that takes place. Regular communication allows for the leader to know how the person is conducting his activities and correct him if need be. This helps in the growth of an org anization. Feedback is important in the day to day performance of roles in a company.

Corporation Privacy and the Impact of Mess Media to Business Thesis

Corporation Privacy and the Impact of Mess Media to Business - Thesis Example This research proposal holds significance in identifying the main steps required for the adoption of social media and helping adding to the literature on acceptance of technology. The need of the changing times requires us to study the practices of social media applications and determine how they differ in terms of different user motivations and social connections. It will also be important in examining the behavioral life cycle modification in the variation, retention and selection processes involved in the adoption of social media applications. The amount of literature on social media’s usage by small and micro-business owners is not much. There is a need to fill this gap in research literature regarding this subject. The research proposal is of extreme importance since the use of social media by small businesses is growing leading to the transformation of electronic commerce to social commerc.This research problem would provide the positive effects of Social Media for Busin esses that how the media facilitates Corporations and why the social media is necessary for organizations.  The research would be conduct by following the methodology of Case Study and focused on the Qualitative approach. In this method, we would use the interviewing method within the case study, which would be possible by the related public and the employees of the concern corporations and the social media as well.  

Business and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business and Society - Essay Example resent day intend to contribute to a situation of equitable position in the society, a balanced environment and the development of a sustainable economy. Although most of the large corporations are chiefly engaged in these types of social activities, the smaller houses are also not beyond the scope of CSR. The smaller manufacturing and production companies are equally responsible for the exhaustion of the environmental resources and therefore it is also a part of their duty to give back some thing to nature and the society. If the present generation makes complete use of the existing resources there would be nothing left for the future generations to sustain in the long run. Therefore the companies that are operating in any economy should think beyond the interest of the shareholders and maximisation of profit but should formulate their policy that would add to the social welfare by and large. The ideal mission and vision of a particular company has remained a topic that has been discussed and deliberated on at length. The stakeholder theory is often used to talk about the corporate social responsibility activities of the organisations. The corporations have legal obligations towards the shareholders of the businesses. Since the stakeholders are people belonging to the society contribution by the corporations in the CSR activities would contribute to the welfare of those shareholders implicitly. The organisations also have a moral and social responsibility which encourages them to take up social projects. The environmental impact that entails in the activities of the companies makes it a mandatory responsibility of them to take part in the contribution to social welfare. Thus as the companies move towards a goal of sustainability in the society the businesses are benefitted. It adds to the welfare of the businesses. On the other hand, the company board of directors are considered to be only employees of the shareholders (Manne, 1972). The shareholders invest in

The Malaysian Culture Essay Example for Free

The Malaysian Culture Essay Being a Muslim country, Malaysians are generally more conservative. Therefore, it is important that travellers take note of the various factors. (Do note that there are more factors but I felt that the ones below are more applicable to the business context for the Australian members.) 1. Dress appropriately – Ensure that your body is covered especially your chest, arms and legs to avoid unwanted attention and as a form of respect 2. Meeting and greeting – Don’t offer to shake hands unless you know the opposite party is fairly westernized. Even so, let them offer the hand shake first. Never shake hands with a woman unless they offer to do so first. 3. It is not recommended to show public displays of affection as it is considered inappropriate behaviour, especially with someone of the opposite sex. 4. Always use the right hand to pass or accept anything as the left is traditionally â€Å"dirty† because of its washroom connections. 5. As a form of respect, avoid alcohol and pork. Ensure that food items are â€Å"Halal† (meaning permissible for Muslims). It is acceptable to eat with your fingers (right hand only) 6. It is important that you respect your elders. In order to show a sign of respect when passing by an older person, younger people are expected to bow their heads.

Review Questions for Business Management Essay Example for Free

Review Questions for Business Management Essay 1) What is resource overallocation? Resource leveling is the project management function of resolving project resource over-allocation. By definition over-allocation means that a resource has been assigned more work than can be accomplished in the available time as dictated by the resources calendar definition. In most scenarios, over-allocations can be remedied manually by extending tasks or moving them to accommodate the resources availability 2) What is resource leveling? When performing project planning activities, the manager will attempt to schedule certain tasks simultaneously. When more resources such as machines or people are needed than are available, or perhaps a specific person is needed in both tasks, the tasks will have to be rescheduled concurrently or even sequentially to manage the constraint. Project planning resource leveling is the process of resolving these conflicts. It can also be used to balance the workload of primary resources over the course of the project[s], usually at the expense of one of the traditional triple constraints (time, cost, scope). 3) Under what circumstances would you want to manually resolve conflicts? You can resolve resource conflicts or overallocations by using the resource-leveling feature in Microsoft Office Project. Leveling works by splitting tasks or by adding delay to tasks until the resources that are assigned to those tasks are no longer overloaded. Because of these changes to the tasks, leveling can delay the finish date of some tasks and consequently also the projects finish date. When it is leveling, Project does not change who is assigned to each task 4) What would be the caution of adding more resources to a task to resolve resource conflicts? As you assign resources to tasks, Project checks the resource’s calendar to make sure that the resource is working. However, Project doesn’t assess whether the resource is already obligated when you assign the resource to a new task; Project enables you to make the assignment. Be aware, though, that the additional assignment may lead to overallocating the resource. Overallocation occurs when you assign more work to a resource than the resource can accomplish in the time that you’ve allotted for the work to be completed. 5) What would be the caution of rescheduling a task to resolve a resource conflict? To get the best performance and results from resources (resources: The people, equipment, and material that are used to complete tasks in a project.), you must manage resource workloads to avoid overallocations (overallocation: The result of assigning more tasks to a resource than the resource can accomplish in the working time available.) and underallocations (underallocation: Assigning a resource to work fewer hours than the resource has available.). If you change resource assignments (assignment: A specific resource that is assigned to a particular task.), check the effects of your changes on the overall schedule (schedule: The timing and sequence of tasks within a project. A schedule consists mainly of tasks, task dependencies, durations, constraints, and time-oriented project information.) to make sure that the results meet your project goals.

NoSQL Databases | Research Paper

NoSQL Databases | Research Paper In the world of enterprise computing, we have seen many changes in platforms, languages, processes, and architectures. But throughout the entire time one thing has remained unchanged relational databases. For almost as long as we have been in the software profession, relational databases have been the default choice for serious data storage, especially in the world of enterprise applications. There have been times when a database technology threatened to take a piece of the action, such as object databases in the 1990s, but these alternatives never got anywhere. In this research paper, a new challenger on the block was explored under the name of NoSQL. It came into existence because of there was a need to handle large volumes of data which forced a shift to building bigger hardware platforms through large number of commodity servers. The term NoSQL applies to a number of recent non-relational databases such as Cassandra, MongoDB, Neo4j, and Azure Table storage. NoSQL databases provided the advantage of building systems that were more performing, scaled much better, and were easier to program with. The paper considers that we are now in a world of Polyglot Persistence where different technologies are used by enterprises for the management of data. For this reason, architects should know what these technologies are and should be able to decide which ones to use for various purposes. It provides information to decide whether NoSQL databases can be seriously considered for future projects. The attempt is to provide enough background information on NoSQL databases on how they work and what advantages they will bring to the table. Table of Contents Introduction Literature Technical Aspects Document Oriented Merits Demerits Case Study MongoDB Key Value Merits Demerits Case Study Azure Table Storage Column Stores Merits Demerits Case Study Cassandra Graphs Merits Demerits Case Study Neo4j Conclusion References Introduction NoSQL is commonly interpreted as not only SQL. It is a class of database management systems and is does not adhere to the traditional RDBMS model. NoSQl databases handle a large variety of data including structured, unstructured or semi-structured data. NoSQL database systems are highly optimized for retrieval and append operations and offer less functionality other than record storage. The run time performance is reduced compared to full SQL systems but there is increased gain in scalability and performance for some data models [3]. NoSQL databases prove to be beneficial when a huge quantity of data is to be processed and a relational model does not satisfy the datas nature. What truly matters is the ability to store and retrieve huge amount of data, but not the relationships between them. This is especially useful for real-time or statistical analysis for growing amount of data. The NoSQL community is experiencing a rapid change. It is transitioning from the community-driven platform development to an application-driven market. Facebook, Digg and Twitter have been successful in using NoSQL and scaling up their web infrastructure. Many successful attempts have been made in developing NOSQL applications in the fields of image/signal processing, biotechnology, and defense. The traditional relational database systems vendors also assess the strategy of developing NoSQL solutions and integrating them in existing offers. Literature In recent years with expansion of cloud computing, problems of data-intensive services have become prominent. The cloud computing seems to be the future architecture to support large-scale and data intensive applications, although there are certain requirements of applications that cloud computing does not fulfill sufficiently [7]. For years, development of information systems has relied on vertical scaling, but this approach requires higher level of skills and it is not reliable in some cases. Database partitioning across multiple cheap machines added dynamically, horizontal scaling or scaling-out can ensure scalability in a more effective and cheaper way. Todays NoSQL databases designed for cheap hardware and using the shared-nothing architecture can be a better solution. The term NoSQL was coined by Carlo Strozzi in 1998 for his Open Source, Light Weight Database which had no SQL interface. Later, in 2009, Eric Evans, a Rackspace employee, reused the term for databases which are non-relational, distributed and do not conform to atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability. In the same year, no:sql(east) conference held in Atlanta, USA, NoSQL was discussed a lot. And eventually NoSQL saw an unprecedented growth [1]. Scalable and distributed data management has been the vision of the database research community for more than three decades. Many researches have been focused on designing scalable systems for both update intensive workloads as well as ad-hoc analysis workloads [5]. Initial designs include distributed databases for update intensive workloads, and parallel database systems for analytical workloads. Parallel databases grew to become large commercial systems, but distributed database systems were not very successful. Changes in the data access patterns of applications and the need to scale out to thousands of commodity machines led to the birth of a new class of systems referred to as NoSQL databases which are now being widely adopted by various enterprises. Data processing has been viewed as a constant battle between parallelism and concurrency [4]. Database acts as a data store with an additional protective software layer which is constantly being bombarded by transactions. To handle all the transactions, databases have two choices at each stage in computation: parallelism, where two transactions are being processed at the same time; and concurrency, where a processor switches between the two transactions rapidly in the middle of the transaction. Parallelism is faster, but to avoid inconsistencies in the results of the transaction, coordinating software is required which is hard to operate in parallel as it involves frequent communication between the parallel threads of the two transactions. At a global level, it becomes a choice between distributed and scale-up single-system processing. In certain instances, relational databases designed for scale-up systems and structured data did not work well. For indexing and serving massive amounts of rich text, for semi-structured or unstructured data, and for streaming media, a relational database would require consistency between data copies in a distributed environment and will not be able to perform parallelism for the transactions. And so, to minimize costs and to maximize the parallelism of these types of transactions, we turned to NoSQL and other non-relational approaches. These efforts combined open-source software, large amounts of small servers and loose consistency constraints on the distributed transactions (eventual consistency). The basic idea was to minimize coordination by identifying types of transactions where it didnt matter if some users got old data rather than the latest data, or if some users got an answer while others didnt. Technical Aspects NoSQL is a non-relational database management system which is different from the traditional relational database management systems in significant ways. NoSQL systems are designed for distributed data stores which require large scale data storage, are schema-less and scale horizontally. Relational databases rely upon very structured rules to govern transactions. These rules are encoded in the ACID model which requires that the database must always preserve atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability in each database transaction. The NoSQL databases follow the BASE model which provides three loose guidelines: basic availability, soft state and eventual consistency. Two primary reasons to consider NoSQL are: handle data access with sizes and performance that demand a cluster; and to improve the productivity of application development by using a more convenient data interaction style [6]. The common characteristics of NoSQL are: Not using the relational model Running well on clusters Open-source Built for 21st century web estates Schema less Each NoSQL solution uses a different data model which can be put in four widely used categories in the NoSQL Ecosystem: key-value, document, column-family and graph. Of these the first three share a common characteristic of their data models called aggregate orientation. Next we briefly describe each of these data models. 3.1 Document Oriented The main concept of a document oriented database is the notion of a document [3]. The database stores and retrieves documents which encapsulate and encode data in some standard formats or encodings like XML, JSON, BSON, and so on. These documents are self-describing, hierarchical tree data structures and can offer different ways of organizing and grouping documents: Collections Tags Non-visible Metadata Directory Hierarchies Documents are addressed with a unique key which represents the document. Also, beyond a simple key-document lookup, the database offers an API or query language that allows retrieval of documents based on their content. img1.jpg Fig 1: Comparison of terminology between Oracle and MongoDB 3.1.1 Merits Intuitive data structure. Simple natural modeling of requests with flexible query functions [2]. Can act as a central data store for event storage, especially when the data captured by the events keeps changing. With no predefined schemas, they work well in content management systems or blogging platforms. Can store data for real-time analytics; since parts of the document can be updated, it is easy to store page views and new metrics can be added without schema changes. Provides flexible schema and ability to evolve data models without expensive database refactoring or data migration to E-commerce applications [6]. Demerits Higher hardware demands because of more dynamic DB queries in part without data preparation. Redundant storage of data (denormalization) in favor of higher performance [2]. Not suitable for atomic cross-document operations. Since the data is saved as an aggregate, if the design of an aggregate is constantly changing, aggregates have to be saved at the lowest level of granularity. In this case, document databases may not work [6]. .3.1.3 Case Study MongoDB MongoDB is an open-source document-oriented database system developed by 10gen. It stores structured data as JSON-like documents with dynamic schemas (MongoDB calls the format BSON), making the integration of data in certain types of applications easier and faster. The language support includes Java, JavaScript, Python, PHP, Ruby and it also supports sharding via configurable data fields. Each MongoDB instance has multiple databases, and each database can have multiple collections [2,6]. When a document is stored, we have to choose which database and collection this document belongs in. Consistency in MongoDB database is configured by using the replica sets and choosing to wait for the writes to be replicated to a given number of slaves. Transactions at the single-document level are atomic transactions a write either succeeds or fails. Transactions involving more than one operation are not possible, although there are few exceptions. MongoDB implements replication, providing high availability using replica sets. In a replica set, there are two or more nodes participating in an asynchronous master-slave replication. MongoDB has a query language which is expressed via JSON and has variety of constructs that can be combined to create a MongoDB query. With MongoDB, we can query the data inside the document without having to retrieve the whole document by its key and then introspect the document. Scaling in MongoDB is achieved through sharding. In sharding, the data is split by certain field, and then moved to different Mongo nodes. The data is dynamically moved between nodes to ensure that shards are always balanced. We can add more nodes to the cluster and increase the number of writable nodes, enabling horizontal scaling for writes [6, 9]. 3.2 Key-value A key-value store is a simple hash table, primarily used when all access to the database is via primary key. They allow schema-less storage of data to an application. The data could be stored in a data type of a programming language or an object. The following types exist: Hierarchical key-value store Eventually-consistent key-value store, hosted services, key-value chain in RAM, ordered key-value stores, multi value databases, tuple store and so on. Key-value stores are the simplest NoSQL data stores to use form an API perspective. The client can get or put the value for a key, or delete a key from the data store. The value is a blob that is just stored without knowing what is inside; it is the responsibility of the application to understand what is stored [3, 6]. 3.2.1 Merits Performance high and predictable. Simple data model. Clear separation of saving from application logic (because of lacking query language). Suitable for storing session information. User profiles, product profiles, preferences can be easily stored. Best suited for shopping cart data and other E-commerce applications. Can be scaled easily since they always use primary-key access. 3.2.2 Demerits Limited range of functions High development effort for more complex applications Not the best solution when relationships between different sets of data are required. Not suited for multi operation transactions. There is no way to inspect the value on the database side. Since operations are limited to one key at a time, there is no way to operate upon multiple keys at the same time. 3.2.3 Case Study Azure Table Storage For structured forms of storage, Windows Azure provides structured key-value pairs stored in entities known as Tables. The table storage uses a NoSQL model based on key-value pairs for querying structured data that is not in a typical database. A table is a bag of typed properties that represents an entity in the application domain. Data stored in Azure tables is partitioned horizontally and distributed across storage nodes for optimized access. Every table has a property called the Partition Key, which defines how data in the table is partitioned across storage nodes rows that have the same partition key are stored in a partition. In addition, tables can also define Row Keys which are unique within a partition and optimize access to a row within a partition. When present, the pair {partition key, row key} uniquely identifies a row in a table. The access to the Table service is through REST APIs [6]. 3.3 Column Store Column-family databases store data in column-families as rows that have many columns associated with a row key. These stores allow storing data with key mapped to values, and values grouped into multiple column families, each column family being a map of data. Column-families are groups of related data that is often accessed together. The column-family model is as a two-level aggregate structure. As with key-value stores, the first key is often described as a row identifier, picking up the aggregate of interest. The difference with column-family structures is that this row aggregate is itself formed of a map of more detailed values. These second-level values are referred to as columns. It allows accessing the row as a whole as well as operations also allow picking out a particular column [6]. 3.3.1 Merits Designed for performance. Native support for persistent views towards key-value store. Sharding: Distribution of data to various servers through hashing. More efficient than row-oriented systems during aggregation of a few columns from many rows. Column-family databases with their ability to store any data structures are great for storing event information. Allows storing blog entries with tags, categories, links, and trackbacks in different columns. Can be used to count and categorize visitors of a page in a web application to calculate analytics. Provides a functionality of expiring columns: columns which, after a given time, are deleted automatically. This can be useful in providing demo access to users or showing ad banners on a website for a specific time. 3.3.2 Demerits Limited query options for data High maintenance effort during changing of existing data because of updating all lists. Less efficient than all row-oriented systems during access to many columns of a row. Not suitable for systems that require ACID transactions for reads and writes. Not good for early prototypes or initial tech spikes as the schema change required is very expensive. 3.3.3 Case Study Cassandra A column is the basic unit of storage in Cassandra. A Cassandra column consists of a name-value pair where the name behaves as the key. Each of these key-value pairs is a single column and is stored with a timestamp value which is used to expire data, resolve write conflicts, deal with stale data, and other things. A row is a collection of columns attached or linked to a key; a collection of similar rows makes a column family. Each column family can be compared to a container of rows in an RDBMS table where the key identifies the row and the row consists on multiple columns. The difference is that various rows do not need to have the same columns, and columns can be added to any row at any time without having to add it to other rows. By design Cassandra is highly available, since there is no master in the cluster and every node is a peer in the cluster. A write operation in Cassandra is considered successful once its written to the commit log and an in-memory structure known as memtable. While a node is down, the data that was supposed to be stored by that node is handed off to other nodes. As the node comes back online, the changes made to the data are handed back to the node. This technique, known as hinted handoff, for faster restore of failed nodes. In Cassandra, a write is atomic at the row level, which means inserting or updating columns for a given row key will be treated as a single write and will either succeed or fail. Cassandra has a query language that supports SQL-like commands, known as Cassandra Query Language (CQL) [2, 6]. We can use the CQL commands to create a column family. Scaling in Cassandra is done by adding more nodes. As no single node is a master, when we add nodes to the cluster we are improving the capacity of the cluster to support more writes and reads. This allows for maximum uptime as the cluster keeps serving requests from the clients while new nodes are being added to the cluster. 3.4 Graph Graph databases allow storing entities and relationships between these entities. Entities are also known as nodes, which have properties. Relations are known as edges that can have properties. Edges have directional significance; nodes are organized by relationships which allow finding interesting patterns between the nodes. The organization of the graph lets the data to be stored once and then interpreted in different ways based on relationships. Relationships are first-class citizens in graph databases; most of the value of graph databases is derived from the relationships. Relationships dont only have a type, a start node, and an end node, but can have properties of their own. Using these properties on the relationships, we can add intelligence to the relationship for example, since when did they become friends, what is the distance between the nodes, or what aspects are shared between the nodes. These properties on the relationships can be used to query the graph [2, 6]. 3.4.1 Merits Very compact modeling of networked data. High performance efficiency. Can be deployed and used very effectively in social networking. Excellent choice for routing, dispatch and location-based services. As nodes and relationships are created in the system, they can be used to make recommendation engines. They can be used to search for patterns in relationships to detect fraud in transactions. 3.4.2 Demerits Not appropriate when an update is required on all or a subset of entities. Some databases may be unable to handle lots of data, especially in global graph operations (those involving the whole graph). Sharding is difficult as graph databases are not aggregate-oriented. 3.4.3 Case Study Neo4j Neo4j is an open-source graph database, implemented in Java. It is described as an embedded, disk-based, fully transactional Java persistence engine that stores data structured in graphs rather than in table. Neo4j is ACID compliant and easily embedded in individual applications. In Neo4J, a graph is created by making two nodes and then establishing a relationship. Graph databases ensure consistency through transactions. They do not allow dangling relationships: The start node and end node always have to exist, and nodes can only be deleted if they dont have any relationships attached to them. Neo4J achieves high availability by providing for replicated slaves. Neo4j is supported by query languages such as Gremlin (Groovy based traversing language) and Cypher (declarative graph query language) [6]. There are three ways to scale graph databases: Adding enough RAM to the server so that the working set of nodes and relationships is held entirely in memory. Improve the read scaling of the database by adding more slaves with read-only access to the data, with all the writes going to the master. Sharding the data from the application side using domain-specific knowledge. Conclusions NoSQL databases are still evolving and more number of enterprises is switching to move from the traditional relational database technology to non-relational databases. But given their limitations, they will never completely replace the relational databases. The future of NoSQL is in the usage of various database tools in application-oriented way and their broader adoption in specialized projects involving large unstructured distributed data with high requirements on scaling. On the other hand, an adoption of NoSQL data stores will hardly compete with relational databases that represent reliability and matured technology. NoSQL databases leave a lot work on the application designer. The application design is an important part of the non-relational databases which enable the database designers to provide certain functionalities to the users. Hence a good understanding of the architecture for NoSQL systems is required. The need of the hour is to take advantage of the new trends emerging in the world of databases the non-relational databases. An effective solution would be to combine the power of different database technologies to meet the requirements and maximize the performance.